Whaling in Japan
History
See also: History of whaling
Archaeological evidence in the form of whale remains found in burial mounds suggests that whales consumed in Japan for the jmon period. Without the means to actively participate in hunting, consumption is mainly related with stranded whales. Surviving Ainu folklore reveals a long history of whaling and spiritual association with the whales. The first recordings of harpoons freehand dating from the 12.
Coastal whaling in Taiji, Japan
Organized whaling
Organized whaling ground in the container Open began in the 1570's and has continued in the 20 th century. Techniques have been developed considerably in the 17th century in Taiji, Wakayama. Wada Yoritomo established Chubei a fishery in the organization of the cluster of hunting in 1606. Whaling whale watching along the stations of the ships to land and launch harpoon capture and spears. His grandson, Wada Kakuemon Yoriharu, later known as Taiji Kakuemon Yoriharu, invented the art of whaling network called Amitori-shiki ().
Instead of trying to harpoon whales in open water, now twenty or more vessels to surround a whale and make a racket, the shallow carry on the networks by a second group of six ships. Harpoon would focus on four ships of their own. Escape more difficult and networks in their struggle to escape from the whale tired before.
Right whales, humpback whale, fin whale, sei whale and Gray has been driven mainly. The blue whale, sei, Bryde's and sperm whales, however, became also possible.
Once ashore, the whale was butchered quickly and divided into separate parts for different storage and further processing. Well the main use of whale meat was the assembly of whales was used in a variety of products, including oil lamps, soaps, fertilizers, folding fans (Whales), and more. This method of whaling has required a significant financial investment wealthy individuals are the major workforce. However, hunting has remained intertwined with the ritual and unlike their counterparts in contemporary European and Japanese whalers early Costa, considered a precious resource and whales do not over-exploit local populations.
Modernization
Norwegian hunting modern style, based on the use of motorboats, guns and explosive harpoons, was introduced in the Meiji era, thanks largely to the efforts of swear Oka, who is now considered the father of whaling in modern Japan. Oka has traveled the world collecting information practices whaling, and Norway to harpoon, weapons and expertise. Company also established the first modern whaling in Japan in 1899, Nihon Enyo György KK, which had its first whale on February 4, 1900, a gunman with Norway Morten Pedersen.
In the 20th century, dominated swear Oka the market for whale meat in Japan with the help and instruction of the Norwegian whalers and vessels rented or purchased. Another increase was due to the capture of a Russian fleet of whaling and the subsequent transfer of György Toyo Co. Ltd. of Japan's whaling industry expanded into new territories, including the waters of Korea, production ships and oil processing, the company Oka (name Hogei Toyo KK) to obtain significant benefits to investors that led to increased Japanese competition. Oka has become more later, the first president of the International Whaling Commission in Japan and Fishing Association, founded in 1908.
I firmly believe we became one of the largest whaling nation in the world. round hunting zones Korea and Japan offer unlimited possibilities, and must whales, contrary to expectations, not on the field, we have the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea to the north and recognize the great treasure houses in the south. The day we will hear a morning that the whales were trapped in the Arctic and in the afternoon that whales are hunted in the Antarctic.
I swear Oka – The father of whaling in modern Japan 1910
However, in the 20 th century, local traditions in conflict with the practices of modern whaling. In 1911, the conflict escalated in the town, Aomori Prefecture. Ocean pollution by whaling stations, including large quantities of oil and blood dripping, angered local fishermen and threatened own fishing grounds. In protest of the fishermen burned down Hogei Toyo installation. The inhabitants of the region do not eat whales and consider sacred.
The League expressed concern about the overexploitation of whale stocks (perhaps due to the fall in the price of whale oil) and called for conservation measures in 1925. This eventually led to the Geneva Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, which was introduced in 1931, but not take effect until 1934 and was completely ignored by Japan and Germany.
Antarctica
factory ships were not used by Japan until 1930. As whales caught in coastal waters, Japan turned to Antarctica. KK Toyo Hogei bought Norwegian factory ship Antarctica, renaming Tonan Maru in 1934. Refrigerator ships were sent over freezing and transport of meat to Japan. By capitalizing on the meat and oil from Japanese whale industry continued to outpace other whaling nations. Technological improvements such that the first ship diesel engine catches, Seki Maru, also increased the ability to take whales. Building on years of World War II, the Germans bought whale oil in Japan and the two nations that used in preparation for war.
In 1937, London, the International Conference on the hunt, which Japan did not attend, have led to new restrictions on pelagic sealing to prevent overfishing (especially the disappearance of the blue whale) creation of the International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling. In to accepting voluntary restrictions:
This is very important for Japan, which has not yet acceded to the Convention of 1931 is widely expand whaling fleet in Antarctica …
Despite efforts to set limits, due in part to ignoring Japan within 89 days season and for 125 days, a record 45,010 whales were taken in a single season. The Protocol to the International Convention for the Regulation of hunting signed in 1938, set additional restrictions on hunting. Despite the presence of Japanese officials, Japan has not signed the agreement and violated by taking humpback and sub-starts five weeks before the start of the season in the series. In 1939, Germany and Japan have shown 30% of whales in the world to take.
World War II
The No. 2 Tonan Maru factory whaling ship, written in military use damaged by a Dutch submarine taking part in the landing at Kuching, Borneo.
During Whaling World War II, Japan was much more limited to the family hunting territories, as the Bonin Islands, to provide meat and oil to use national and military. Whaling was arrested in March 1945 when the islands were taken by U.S. forces. However, in November 1945, the whaling station has received approval to reopen. Most of the whaling ships were requisitioned by the Imperial Japanese Navy and the end of the war vessels and most of the ships had been sunk capture.
General Douglas MacArthur encouraged the surrender of Japan's pursuit of providing a cheap source of meat hungry people (and millions of dollars in oil to the U.S. and Europe). Japanese whaling industry recovered quickly from that MacArthur authorized two tankers, converted factory ships (Hashidate Nisshin Maru Maru), with boats grabs once again, take the blue whale, fin humpback and sperm whales in Antarctica and elsewhere.
The first shipment of the war was overseen by an American naval officer, Lt. David McCracken, and observed by the Australian Kenneth Coonan. Coonan McCracken expressed his disapproval in his reports of violations of rules and the waste dumped at the side when the fleet began to kill whales faster than they can be treated. McCracken even briefly joined the game with a Japanese ship and crew capture trip detailed in his book 1948, four months in a Japanese whaler.
The recovery of post-war set of whale meat as a food source nationally for the first time. In 1947, whale meat is more than 50 percent of the meat consumed Japan. The market has grown considerably through trade sale and public distribution. In 1954, the School Lunch Act also provides for whale meat in compulsory education (primary and secondary schools) to improve child nutrition Japanese. However, as economic growth and income through increased demand for whale has been reduced. Other meat became more popular in the 1970 and whale meat was removed from school menus.
ICRW and IWC
Signature of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, Washington, DC, December 2, 1946
The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, Washington was created in 1946 to "ensure adequate conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry. "On the basis of previous agreements and protocols of 1937 after agreement in 1938 and 1945, the International Centre led to the creation in 1949 of the International Whaling Commission and consists of guidelines for international regulation coastal and pelagic hunting. Japan joined the IWC in 1951. (Check the ICRW and the IWC failed largely due to the lack of standards and regulatory gaps)
Japan later make extensive use of a particular section of the ICRW despite condemnation from environmental groups and anti-hunting.
Article VIII
1. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Convention any Contracting Government may grant its nationals a special permit to kill, capture and treat whales for scientific research subject to the restrictions on the number and any other conditions deemed appropriate by the Contracting Government, and to kill, capture and treat whales for compliance with the provisions of this Article shall be exempt from the application of this Convention. Each Contracting Government shall inform both Commission on permits granted. Each Contracting Government may revoke any such special permit was granted.
2. Any whales taken under these special permits shall so far as possible be treated and the product should be managed under guidelines issued by the Government for which permission was granted.
Whaling pirate
Because the IWC adopted rules regarding whaling a number of unregulated activities operating outside the law Member countries became famous in the mid-20 century to the end. For example, a large whaling fleet was private property (through a variety of portfolio companies and flags convenience) by tycoon Aristotle Onassis and gained notoriety for ignoring all terms of size and species. When the Peruvian Navy finally stopped and took Onassis fleet, including the penalties should apply to the entire fleet sold in Japan for $ 8.5 million. Onassis factory ship, the Olympic Challenger, spent renamed Kyokuyo Maru II.
The Japanese trawler, Shunyo Maru later became a combination of sensors factory vessel / whale hunting, MV Tonna, and was owned by Andrew M. Behr, who also owned the pirate whaler Sierra famous. The Tonna is famous for its disappearance. In 1978, with full Tonna has landed other fin whale of 50 tonnes. As the whale was hoisted aboard a treatment if the ship, he took water and sank rapidly. Behr and Sierra were linked Co also fishing through a Canadian subsidiary Taiyo Japan (Taiyo Canada Ltd.) and whale products to Japanese markets. Sierra has been severely damaged after being beaten by activist Paul Watson aboard its boat, the Sea Shepherd. Sierra was poured into the port by unknown saboteurs magnetic mines. Paul Watson is still a controversial figure on hunting and especially Japan. Taiyo and other fisheries in Japan have also been associated with the hunt for pirates through subsidiaries in Taiwan the Philippines, Spain, South Korea, Chile and Peru.
Consolidation
Such as quotas and resources have been reduced and the increased restrictions, the commercial viability of large fleets of whaling in the competition also reduced. To preserve the industry, six Japanese companies whaling negotiated an agreement Fisheries Agency of Japan and the talks in July 1975. The six firms (Nihon Suisan, György Taiyo, Kyokuyo, Nitto Hogei, Nihon Hogei and Hoku Hogei) merged create a new company, Nihon Kyodo Hogei Co., Ltd., February 15, 1976. The former president of the Japan Fisheries Association, and former Director General of the Fisheries Agency Japan, Iwao Fujita, became the first appointment of executive director.
In April 1976, Shintaro Abe, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries said government support to the new company formed.
We ask that the flame of industry, whaling will be off and do everything possible to ensure supply Japanese food. The Government will make every effort to actively support their efforts.
Minister Abe, Shintaro, 1976
Nihon Kyodo Hogei Co. Ltd name Kyodo Senpaku Co. Ltd., and merged with the Japan Whaling Commission and the Institute of Cetacean Research to create the modern Cetacean Research Institute in 1987.
Moratorium
In 1972, the United Nations Programme on Environment Conference was a 52-0 vote in favor of a global moratorium on commercial whaling 10 years. However, the UN resolution was not adopted by the IWC by a vote of 6-no, yes and 4-4-abstain. Japan, Russia, Iceland, Norway, South Africa and Panama voted against.
In 1973 he proposed a moratorium on new and voted on by the IWC does not have required 3 / 4 of the majority. (8-yes, five-no, 1-abstain). Japan, Russia, Iceland, Norway and South Africa voted against it.
Between 1973 and 1982, the IWC would be its members from 14 countries to 37 can stack the vote in favor of countries anti-whaling.
In 1980 and 1981, two more vote for a moratorium has not established a majority of 3 / 4. (09/02/1913 and 03/08/1916)
In 1982, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) has finally voted for a moratorium on commercial whaling will come into force in 1986 (05/07/1925). Japan objected to the moratorium, whaling continues (Under the ICRW is an objection of the nation exempt from the regulation in question. Japan continued whaling despite a zero-catch quota, the CBI, 1981.). United States play an important role in Japan's acceptance of a global moratorium on hunting trade due to its national legislation. In particular, the 1971 Pelly Amendment to the U.S. fishermen Protection Act gives the U.S. president legal authority to prohibit imports of fishery products from any nation that is reducing the effectiveness of conservation programs for fisheries. This was later reinforced by the 1979 Packwood-Magnuson Amendment of Fisheries Conservation and Management Act to give the same power to impose sanctions against the ICRW.
Possible sanctions by the United States jeopardized access to the Japanese fishing waters of Alaska and one million tonnes of fish (CEST 425 million U.S. dollars annually). A negotiated settlement has been reached Japan to allow commercial whaling to continue without the threat of U.S. sanctions until 1988 with an agreement to leave Japan dropped the objection to the moratorium in 1985. However, environmental groups sued the U.S. The commerce secretary, saying the law does not allow one process to be finally defeated by the U.S. Supreme Court States in 1986. As agreed in Japan withdrew its objection to the moratorium and stopped commercial whaling in 1988. (Access of Japan in Alaskan waters was slightly a little anyway, partly due to pressure from the United States fishermen and environmentalists)
Research Whaling
In 1976, the quota for the southern hemisphere, Bryde's whales was made zero by the CBI. Japan, however, proceeded to take 225 of them during the 76-77 season through the issuance of a permit himself to take whales for scientific research under Article VIII of the Convention. Following this event, the ICC has recommended that all applications future of this Article VIII to be reviewed by the IWC scientific committee.
In 1986, Japan introduced a similar proposal and later issued a scientific permit to take 825 minke whales and 50 sperm whales each year for ten years. Despite the fact that the IWC Scientific Committee has rejected their Japan proposed hunting continues research whaling.
The IWC adopted a resolution recommending to Japan in 1987, not before disagreements on research proposals have been resolved. A second resolution was also adopted 14 February 1988 recommended that Japan not to continue. On 09 February 1988 Japanese whalers kill minke whales for the first time in Antarctic waters under the new permit issued by the research whaling car. President U.S. Ronald Reagan responded by cutting the Japanese fishing privileges in waters of the United States on April 6, 1988 under the Packwood-Magnuson Amendment.
In the absence of any evidence that Japan has its whaling activities in accordance with the recommendations of the CBI, I ask the secretary of state under the Magnuson-for Packwood Amendment retain 100 percent of fishing privileges that would otherwise be available to Japan's Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States. Japan has requested the opportunity to catch 3,000 tons of sea snails and 5,000 tonnes of cod. These applications will be rejected. Moreover, Japan was prohibited from any future distribution of fishing privileges to all other species, including Pacific cod, until the Secretary of Commerce considers that the situation was corrected.
U.S. President Ronald Reagan, 1988
Japan has since carried out research whaling program in the North Pacific (JARPN 1994-1999, JARPN 2000resent II) and Antarctica (JARPA 1988-2005, 2005resent JARPA II). Each program has met with considerable disagreement in the IWC adopted resolutions calling on Japan not continue. Both the value of research has been and questioned the need for lethal methods.
After more than 50 years of follow-Japan Conservative party center-right Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), lost in the 2009 elections left the opponent, the Democratic Party of Japan (PDJ). Environmental organizations Government hoped the change would end Japanese whaling. However, in 2009, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan Katsuya Okada, said hunting will continue to be supported as a matter of policy.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) can affect Japan hunting programs in the future. In Antarctica, the use of heavy fuel oil to prohibit resistant to ice the new standards for the design of Town will be imposed and disposal of waste associated with hunting may be prohibited.
Production
Japanese whaling is conducted in both pelagic (open sea) areas in the northern Pacific Ocean and the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. The coastal waters are also used to hunt small-scale coastal dolphins and other cetaceans. whales, large and small are sometimes caught in the nets of Japanese fishing boats.
Pelagic whaling
Japanese whaling fleet hunting pelagic each year of large whales in the Southern Ocean, consists of a number of ships to hunt whales and processing of catches and ensure hunting protesters. During the 2009-10 season, the fleet includes a Japanese factory ship, four and two harpoon vessels safety patrol ships. Japan's share account with 935 minke whales, 50 fin whales and 50 humpback whales each season.
When the whales harpoon vessels was involved in prosecution. A harpoon gun with a grenade tipped harpoon was fired into the whale's fate. A rope is pulled by the harpoon to prevent whales from being lost. If the whale is struck and did not die in the act by launching explosion points, spear second can be used or the whale can be shot with a gun to death. A method that uses the latest seconds to electrocute a whale harpoon is banned by the IWC. Environmental groups said whales being dragged back and drowned.
Each whale taken is fixed at the side of a boat with a harpoon rope. The lines are used for the transfer of the whales from the harpoon ship factory ship. Whales are next on the factory ship of the winch by a ramp at the rear of the ship. On the deck killing several workers use specialized tools to butcher whales. usable product is delivered to the ground floor of the ship for processing and cold storage. Surplus or by-products are dumped into the ocean.
The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, a group of direct action against whaling, attempts to disrupt the operations of each year the Japanese whaling To prevent the possible number of whales being killed.
New regulations of the Organization United Nations International Maritime Organization is expected come into force in July 2011, it shall be unlawful for the Nisshin Maru to operate below 60 degrees south, but all the Japanese whaling is pelagic in the area. New regulations prohibit ships using heavy fuel oil in the Antarctic system due to damage from a spill could cause. In addition, the IMO Guidelines for ships navigating in ice-covered waters to define security requirements and force the helmet does not comply with the Nisshin Maru.
small type coastal whaling
See also: Unit of hunting dolphins
Coastal fishing fleets hunting dolphins for many small boats in a coordinated effort. Fishermen metal poles explosion in the water to scare and thus guide noise sensitive dolphins towards the shore. A number of networks are then used to surround dive boat and dolphin fishing launches close or cut the throats of the dolphins and take them to a nearby ground station for treatment. A few dolphins are selected for sale to aquariums and save for the marine park entertainment industry.
The hunting of dolphins in Taiji unit, Japan has recently been the subject of a documentary called The Cove.
Japanese whalers hunt Baird's beaked whale in the Boso Peninsula, Wada, since 1600. Once landed near the coast of Japan, beaked whales are drawn on a destination station with ropes and then slaughtered for sale. The meat is sold as food and the rest is used for fertilizers.
In May 2007, the IWC has rejected a proposal to expand coastal catches. Space is limited to a total of 66 whales of four cities in whaling. Wada Whalers encourage children local to attend the first season of whaling each followed by a community event, where whale meat is served.
According to the Fisheries Agency of Japan up to 20,000 dolphins of various species have in many places along the coast of Japan, during a six-month season.
Bycatch
In 2009, he published DNA analysis of whale meat markets in Japan offers no fewer than 150 whales large, vulnerable coastal populations were collected each year as bycatch. Japan legally authorizes the commercial sale of whales taken, moreover, caught in fishing nets to catch inshore fish. Research market has also detected the migration of whales, like humpback whales, fin whales, Bryde's whale and gray whale species, some of which are at risk.
The impact on whales J-action, which have been protected under the ICC seems to have increased with changes in Japanese regulations legalized the sale of the catch in 2001. Between 1997 and 2000 only 19 to 29 whales have been reported each year to bycatch. The number increased to 89 to 137 per year between 2001 2004. However, the study concluded that genetic information the actual amount of catch has been higher before the 2001 regulations, but has been underreported. Up to 46% of the samples were J-stock.
Before the 2001 change to the regulations, the fishermen could not dispose of minke whales companies trade and sell them locally or to destroy and report the incident. The high percentage of J-action capture presents a major threat, including the possibility of extinction within the coming decades, population estimates CBI.
Imports
In 2009, Japan agreed to import whale meat Iceland and Norway for the first time in over a decade. The Norwegian expedition arrived in mid-2008 but was arrested by Japanese customs until January 2009 when Japanese Fisheries Agency finally approved the import.
International trade in whale meat is banned by CITES (Convention on International Trade Endangered Species). But Japan, Norway and Iceland registered reservations to treaties to stay exempt. The Norwegian company, Myklebust Trade the export of minke whales and Iceland shared Hvalur hf exports fin whale, which is an endangered species. Environmental organizations have criticized the trade and has expressed doubts that the Japanese market could absorb the increased supply thousands tonnes of whale meat has been kept in cold storage in Japan.
Scientific Research
See also: Institute of Cetacean Research
After stopping the commercial whaling, Japan began scientific research seeks to lay the groundwork for the resumption of sustainable hunting. According to the minister Groups environment and the environment of Australia, the research is used to hide the commercial hunting open to circumvent the IWC moratorium. The Scientific Committee the ICC includes updated data on catch limits and catches since 1985. The numbers range from less than 200 in 1985 to almost 1,000 in 2007.
Research is carried out by the Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR), a privately owned, nonprofit institution. The Institute receives its funding from government grants and Kyodo Senpaku, which handles the processing and marketing of products such as whale meat. Japan conducts its whaling in two areas: the northwest Pacific Ocean (JARPN II) and the Southern Ocean (JARPA) in the southern hemisphere to catch. Mission 2007/08 JARPA had a quota of 900 whales and 50 minke whales fin.
Catches
Japan's whale catch 1985-2006
CBI – Japan Catches Protest (19851988)
Space
Sperm
Bryde
Minke
Total
N Pacific
388
634
615
1637
S hemisphere
0
0
3882
3882
CBI – Japan takes a special permit (19882009)
Space
End
Sperm
Sei
Bryde
Minke
Total
N Pacific
0
47
592
446
1899
2984
S Hemisphere
14
0
0
0
9395
9409
JARPA
The research program was conducted near Antarctica from 1988 to 2005. Its objectives were to assess mortality rates, the number of whales and the structure, the role of whales in the Antarctic ecosystem and how environmental changes affect whales. The whaling operations, alternating between various areas of pre-established plan to take 400 minke whales per season or more.
In 1997, the Scientific Committee of the ICC formally review the JARPA program. The committee should have sufficient accuracy and usefulness of data collected, but not agree on whether lethal methods were necessary. It was also noted that the results may be an increase in the number of minke whales taken each year.
In the 2007 review committee is final in accordance with the original score of 1997 miles. He acknowledged that progress had been made in identifying and structure population of at least two people were found in the search box. Agreed no abundance estimates could be developed preliminary estimates and do not may reflect important changes in the abundance in a time scale. The problems were identified with data on age and mortality. krill-related work has been well received, but relatively little progress has been made toward understanding the role of whales in the Antarctic ecosystem. The pollution data was also well received, but continue to disagree on the results of the analysis. The levels of toxic pollutants were lower in the Antarctic whale that samples in the hemisphere north.
The Commission took note of the fact that the capture took place in the IWC established the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary and improving management of hunting in a reserve not necessary. Resolution 2007-1 of JARPA is one of several calls to Japan by a majority vote to suspend its lethal research.
JARPA II
Like its predecessor, the research agenda hunting takes place near Antarctica. As from 2005 and continuing until the present, the objectives include monitoring of the Antarctic ecosystem modeling competition between whale species, accounting for changes in population structure and improve the future management of whales in Antarctica. The program offers 850 or more Antarctic minke whales, 50 fin whales and 50 humpback whales each season. (A humpback whale quota has not yet in practice due to the intense international opposition)
The disagreement on the value of research, the use of lethal methods and sample size has continued in both the scientific committee and the Commission. In 2005 and 2007, the Commission adopted resolutions by a majority urging Japan to stop all searches JARPA II lethal.
JARPN
From 1994 to 1999 Japan had conducted its research program JARPN the Pacific Northwest. Its objectives were to improve knowledge of the identity of the people, improve test simulation applications for whales in the North Pacific common minke whales and act as a study feasibility for a program on feeding ecology. The program called for 100 minke whales each year. The results were reviewed by the committee in February 2000. The Committee agreed that the information has been useful for management, but no consensus was reached on whether lethal research methods were necessary.
As JARPA, the IWC adopted resolutions urging Japan to stop issuing permits for minke whaling, citing concerns about the need lethal methods such as resolution 1999-3 hunting by special permit.
JARPN II
JARPN II began with a feasibility study from 2000 to 2001 to continue to take whales in the Pacific Northwest, including 100 minke whales, 50 Bryde's whales and 10 sperm whales. The program's objectives included the study ecology food (such as prey consumption), population structure and environmental impact of cetacean. In 2002, after completion of the initial study suggests Japan and began long-term program to study how diet relates to sustainable use of ecology in the Pacific and in the economic zone Japan exclusive. In 2008, the program included a proposal for annual withdrawals of 340 minke whales, 50 Bryde's whales, 100 sei and 10 sperm whales.
The disagreement on the objectives, methodology, the effect on stocks and the overall success of the program continued in the scientific review of the study feasibility and the full program. The complete program introduced an amendment to the previous use of the provisions of Article VIII of the ICRW research does not specify the date completion. The objectives were considered necessary for the management of resources by some members and do not contribute significantly to the research needs identified above. Sample size and the method proposed is unlikely to meet the objectives of the program and has shaped ecosystems considered weak.
Some have supported the program has been an overemphasis on the assumption that the negative effects of whale predation on fish stocks, while not addressing the effects of fishing on cetaceans. However, others into account to determine the effects of whales on fish stocks and more information on the structure minke whale important actions crucial. Some said the feasibility study provide valuable information on the methodology and other aspects of program improvement over time and contribute to the fundamental questions. The committee determined that the goal of pollution does not contribute to the objectives of the CBI Pollution 2000 + project but it remains relevant to the CBI for the long-term study.
Disagreements over the value of data and continued to lethal methods. Some have argued that a large range of questions can be answered by non-lethal means, such as "Pollution Control (biopsy sampling for fatty acid and stable isotope analysis) for population structure (identity photo sampling, biopsy sampling and fecal), and feeding ecology (sampling of feces). "Other argued that the dam data required for modeling purposes that could not be acquired through non-lethal. However, the ecology The food was not necessarily relevant to the management of inventories in accordance with some holding biopsies allow a greater amount of statistical data.
The argument continues the possible negative effects of fishing, such as the depletion of whale stocks and O J-action, when data from as many people as selective extrapolations JSV (survey) data. Supporters argued that the data were unreliable and the extended area of research JSV coastal areas to offshore areas, which limits the pressure on coastal populations.
In 2000, 2001 and 2003, more decisions were taken by the CBI urging Japan to stop issuing special permits for hunting and research limited to non-lethal methods. The scientific review panel for more recent in January 2009.
Publication
In 2008, a study based on data collected by the Japanese was lethal research published in a journal of the Western academic journal, Polar Biology, after being rejected by several other publications. The study, which shows 6,779 whales were killed and more than 4500, suggested that Antarctic minke whales lost 9% of their fat over 18 due to lack of resources of the oceans as krill. Wallo Lars, a Norwegian University of Oslo, helped analyze the data and requested that the study was initially rejected by political reasons. Dr. Nick Galea, Australian Antarctic Division, said the study did not respond to criticism of its methodology from that originally submitted. The study also contradicts previously reported data indicating the JARPA minke whale populations were healthy Antarctica.
Opposition
View also: Whaling Controversy
Governments fight against whale hunting groups have strongly opposed Japan's program of whaling. Greenpeace argues that whales are endangered and need protection. The government of Japan strongly supports the protection of endangered species, but states that the Scientific whaling is essential to gather information on the state different populations. It is also argued that the scope of the investigation is such that it affects the population of the species. CBI 1985 estimated the population of minke whales in the Southern Hemisphere to 761,000 (from 510,000 to 1,140,000 in the confidence of more than 95%). In a paper presented to the IWC in the population estimates in Antarctic waters with NBC gives a population of 665,074 based on the Southern Ocean Ecosystem Research Programme (SOWER) data. In recent years Japan has caught up to 1100 minke 0.2% lower confidence limit estimate of 1985 of 95%.
The research methodology has come under scrutiny as he argued that non-lethal research methods are available and that the whaling Japan's research is commercial whaling in disguise. Japanese demand that the accuracy of tissue samples and faeces was insufficient sampling is necessary and fatal.
In 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature published an open letter to the Japanese (in both Japanese and English texts) in the New York Times signed by a group of scientists international, including their assertion that "the program of" research "whaling in Japan does not meet the minimum standards credible science. "They accused Japan of" using the pretext of scientific research to evade its commitments to the world community. "Including Signatories to the letter Sylvia Earle (former chief scientist of the NOAA), Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara (former president of the European Cetacean Society) and Roger Payne (founder of Ocean Alliance).
In Volume 53, No. 3 of the journal Bio Science, twenty members of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission confirmed that " signed the open letter correctly summarizes the critical researchers know very well the Japanese scientific whaling "and" little or no meaning in the management of the IWC can only be obtained by hunting catches is impossible to justify the killing of animals on this basis. "
A 2006 episode of the program popular science of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Catalyst, which is strongly opposed to hunting, said 18-year JARPA I program, which samples from 6,800 fatally whales, less than 55 articles reviewed were produced, of which only 14 were invited to the program to be relevant to the objectives of the JARPA program, and only four require lethal sampling. Part of the research includes a document called fertilization whales sheep, cattle, sperm and minke whales injected intracytoplasmically in bovine oocytes. Joji Morishita of JARPA, said the number of samples was needed to obtain statistically significant data. more detailed list of scientific papers presented to the IWC until 2005.
Sea Shepherd contest that Japan and Iceland and Norway, is a violation of the IWC moratorium on commercial whaling of all.
Militant groups anti-whaling statement that the Japanese do not support whaling not government policy. However, not all major right wing political parties of the LDP for the Japanese Communist Party to support whaling. The meat ends up in Tokyo famous Tsukiji fish market and other restaurants luxury.
Japanese fishing companies have been developed abroad and social pressures and environmental groups. Five major fishing companies have been transferred its whaling fleet of public enterprises in 2006. In 2007, Kyokuyo and Maruha, two of the four largest companies in Japan fishing, decided to end their whale meat sales due to pressure from environmental groups and members of the United States.
Cultural aspects
Supporters of whaling in Japan (including the Government of Japan) often argue that it is a cultural practice that foreigners should not be opposed on the basis of cultural differences. Joji Morishita Japanese Fisheries Agency in 2001 noted that the Japanese public also believes that the anti-whaling in secret racist. With Norway and hunting whales in Iceland on a commercial basis, according to Morishita, "Stress Whaling [Japan] is cultural imperialism – some people say it is racism. Norwegian and Icelandic whalers but also criticism of Japan is stronger. "
However, critics have attacked the force "cultural" of defense, such as Sea Shepherd Conservation society representatives by comparing forced female genital mutilation in Sudan, another practice that may have cultural roots, but has not been opposed.
Debate within the IWC
For more details on the discussion, see Commission International Whaling Policy #.
The most vocal opponents of the pushed for the resumption of commercial whaling Japanese are Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Australian Government's stated objective that oppose the hunt is the need for conservation of endangered species. New Government New Zealand's opposition to whaling for food or research and the British government believes "that the hunt serves no real need and involves unacceptable cruelty. "
In July 2004, it was reported that a working group of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party of Japan had developed plans to leave the IWC to join a new organization in favor of whaling, NAMMCO, due to the refusal of the IWC to protect the principle of commercial whaling sustainable whale. Japan in particular from the Commission for the Conservation of CBI, introduced in 2003, that only exists to prevent whaling. With all the guidelines IWC are conducted on a purely voluntary basis that the sovereignty of states means that there are few means by which to enforce international law.
At a meeting of the IWC in 2006, a resolution for an eventual return of commercial whaling was adopted by a majority of one single voice. It was a failure to raise the ban on commercial whaling and whaling in Japan has threatened to withdraw from the IWC (IWC).
In 2007, the IWC adopted a resolution urging Japan to refrain from issuing permits for lethal research in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary – the area of the website of the Japanese whaling.
After a visit to Tokyo by President of the IWC, requesting that Japan for its cooperation in the classification of the differences between pro-and anti-hunting Commission Japanese whaling fleet is agreed that no humpback whales would be for two years, lead to the CBI to reach a formal agreement.
Australia's opposition
Due to the proximity Australia, the Australian government opposes any activity on whaling in Japan in the South Pacific. In 1994, Australia has requested a 200 nautical miles (370 km) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) around Australia's Antarctic Territory, which also includes the southern part of the sanctuary IWC Southern Ocean whales. In December 2007, the Rudd Government has announced plans to monitor Japanese whalers about to enter Australian waters to gather evidence for a possible international legal challenge and January 8, 2008, the government sent Australian Customs vessel Oceanic Viking Australia to monitor and track the fleet. Although this ship was transferred to customs issues in the waters north of Australia, in January 2010, is in search of the Japanese whaling fleet.
In late 2009, Prime Minister of Australia reiterated the hunting programs official positions in Japan and threatened with legal action before the international tribunals.
We, if we can not solve this problem diplomatically, international legal use. I mean, I prefer diplomacy to deal with, but if we can not do that is another line of conduct.
PM Kevin Rudd of Australia, 2009
Opposition by environmental groups
The whaling fleet Japan had several clashes with protesters anti-whaling activists from various groups, including Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, which aim to monitor, document and stop the whaling fleet since the 2005-2006 season. On January 15, 2008, two crew members traveling on the MV Steve Irwin boarded the whaling ship Yushin Maru 2, without permission and were arrested on board the ship for several days. Japan claimed that the four crew members aboard a Japanese whaling ship Antarctic waters were injured March 3, 2008, while the anti-whaling threw butyric acid on board.
Japan confirmed later the implementation of "Flashbang" grenades The Sea Shepherd ship, MV Steve Irwin in his whaling ship, the Nisshin Maru. Japan also confirmed a meeting of "fire warning "in the air. Captain Steve Irwin, Paul Watson, said he was beaten in the chest by a bullet from a member of the Japanese whaling crew ship, and a piece of metal was stuck in his bulletproof vest wearing at the time. On February 7, 2009, the MV Steve Irwin became a collision of two ships Japanese while trying to transfer a whale. Both sides claimed the other had been the culprit.
In January 2010, it was revealed that the whaling fleet Japanese charter flights from Hobart and Albany Australian aircraft to track the movements of ships of Sea Shepherd 'and provide information on location the whaling fleet to the fleet could escape. The flights have been severely criticized by the Greens in Australia have said they will submit a bill to try to ban activities related to the whale in Australia when the Senate resumes in early February. [Citation needed]
On January 6, 2010, anti-whaling Ady Gil ship suffered severe damage to its bow after a collision with the Japanese whaling ship Shnan Maru No. 2, and later sank in the ocean, Australia, despite attempts to save the Sea Shepherd. Video footage of the incident was taken by the two crew members Shonan Maru No. 2 of the Sea Shepherd and members board of Bob Barker and posted on YouTube.
international opposition
On March 6, 2008, IWC Commissioners met in London to discuss reaching an agreement on whale conservation rules. Japanese whalers and activists against whaling clashed in waters near Antarctica on 7 March 2008, with each side offering conflicting accounts of the confrontation. The CBI has called for the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society to refrain from dangerous actions and reiterated its condemnation of all actions that pose a danger to human life and property in connection with the activities of vessels at sea
On March 8, 2008, the Solomon Islands Prime Minister Derek Sikua said that Japan had offered to pay for country delegates to attend the March 6, 2008 IWC meeting in London. Hideki Moronuki, chief of whaling at the Department of Japan Fisheries Agency, denied the accusation saying: "There is no truth." Added that "may have confused Sikua London to meet with a seminar in Tokyo last week delegates that Japan has invited 12 developing countries recently have entered or are considering joining the IWC. Japan has sometimes small seminars on hunting and invited the delegates of the countries. I wonder if Mr Sikua mixed to these seminars and meetings of the IWC "
The commercial viability
Because of their low food self-sufficiency rate, about 40%, Japan is based on the storage to ensure a stable food supply. In 2009, Japan 1.2 million tonnes of seafood stock, about 5000 tons of meat whale. Japan began serving whale meat in school lunches as part of a government initiative to reduce quantities. However, it was very important to serve whale meat to school children because of allegations of toxic levels of methylmercury. WWF World has also found that the Japanese government had to invest 12 million dollars to whaling in Antarctica 2008-09 alone, only for balance, and total subsidies amounted to approximately $ 150 million since 1988.
Media attention
The attention of Western media in the industry of whaling in Japan has increased.
Animal Planet television series, "Whale Wars" puts a camera crew on board Wed militant anti-whaling Pastor to document the interference the annual hunt of Japan to the Antarctic program. Japan denounced the program as deceptive and support eco-terrorists to increase the odds. Animal Planet has presented A petition for the film also from the perspective of the fleet of whaling in Japan, but the requests were denied.
The animated series "South Park "on Comedy Central recently mocked whaling traditions of Japan and the militant anti-whaling contained in" Whale Wars. "
A 2009 award-winning documentary "The Cove", which focuses exclusively on fishing for dolphin in Japan unit, mercury content in dolphin and whale meat city, Taiji. The film also focused on the difficulty in observing the fishermen of Taiji on the job due to obstruction of the local community, police and inaccessible places. The documentary was presented at the 2009 Tokyo International Film Festival. Taiji officials have denounced the film as inaccurate and biased and have threatened to sue the director.
See also
Whale Fisheries
History of Whaling
Aboriginal whaling
Fishing
Hunting Dolphins unit
Convention of Kanagawa
International Whaling Commission
Nisshin Maru
Oriental Bluebird
References
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^ In the skin of whaling science … About the Author
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