
Body Worlds
History
Body Worlds was first presented in Tokyo in 1995. BODY WORLDS exhibitions have been authorized for more than 50 museums and sites in America North America, Europe and Asia.
Body Worlds 2 & Brain Our three books of the gem (the brain and nervous system), opened in 2005 at the California Science Center in Los Angeles and is set to open its next show at the Franklin Institute.
Body Worlds 3 and The Story of the heart (cardiovascular system), opened on February 25, 2006, the Museum of Natural Science in Houston. On July 9, 2009, the show began at the Museum of Science Buffalo Buffalo, New York, and currently showing at the Ontario Science Centre in Toronto.
Body Worlds 4 will begin February 22, 2008 at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England and was in Brussels to Wineries March 2009.
Body Worlds and The Mirror of Time (with human development and aging) made its debut at The O2 in London in October 2008.
Krperwelten and Der Zyklus des Lebens Heidelberg opened its doors in January 2009.
BODY WORLDS exhibitions have received more than 26 million visitors, the most popular tourist attraction the world.
The room that its purpose and mission is to train the laity about the human body, so a better understanding of health. All rights plastinates are people who donated their bodies for Plastination through an organ donation program.
Each Council of Worlds exhibition includes about Plastinated whole-body 25 with expanded or selective organs shown in positions that reinforce the role of certain systems. More than 200 real human specimens of organs and organ systems are displayed in glass cases, some showing various medical conditions.
Some of these specimens, such as Tai Chi Man show interventions including prostheses such as hip replacements or heart valves.
It also includes cirrhosis of the liver and lungs of smokers and nonsmokers are placed side by side. A screen with prenatal fetuses and embryos, some congenital diseases.
To produce samples of Body Worlds, von Hagens employs 340 people in five laboratories in three countries, China, Germany and Kyrgyzstan. Each laboratory is categorized by specialty, with China's laboratory focuses on animal samples. A copies the most difficult to create was the giraffe that appears in the Worlds of the body and the life cycle. The sample was taken three years to complete ten times required to prepare a human body. Ten people are needed to move the giraffe, as their final weight (like all the samples after plastination) is equal to animal origin.
Several exhibits Body Worlds (as well as Von Hagens himself) were in the 2006 movie "Casino Royale." Among the guests were plastinated play Poker Trio (which plays a key role in a scene) and the breeding of horses and riders.
Regulatory Framework
Czech Republic
In July 2008, the Czech Senate has passed a law to combat illegal trade in human tissues and the ban on "Advertising for gifts of cells and tissues for money or similar benefits. "
France
On Tuesday, April 21, 2009, a French judge decided to go to the Paris Exposition of Our Advice: The Universe, "saying that with the corpses for profit was a violation" of the respect they deserve. "In accordance with the law, the right place for bodies in the cemetery, "said Judge Louis-Marie Raingeard. Raingeard ordered the closure of the 24-hour exposure to face a fine of 20,000 euros (more than U.S. $ 26,000) for each day it remained open. The judge also ordered authorities to seize the 17 bodies on the screen and exposed to all bodies an undetermined number of persons for burial. Gunther von Hagens has issued a press release denying any link between the exhibition Body Worlds and Chinese. Exhibitions Similar had been organized in Lyon and Marseille.
United Kingdom
England and Wales
The British Parliament created a specific legislation plastination exhibition in England and Wales under the Human Tissue Act, 2004. This requires a license by the Human Tissue Authority. In March 2008, the Manchester Museum Science and Industry has granted a license to have and Body Worlds 4 new license has been granted to the exhibition at the O2 Arena, London, 2008.
The Law on Human Tissue Act replaced in the anatomy of 1832, which was found by an independent commission (The Redfern Report) to the failure of the tissue collection and contemporary usage, after the scandal Alder Hey organs.
There is separate legislation in Scotland:
Scotland
Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 amending the 1984 Anatomy Act covers Scotland. Under the terms of this Act, licenses for the treatment of human remains, including the display, should be paid directly by the Scottish Office.
"Paragraph 9: If the Scottish government, I think it is appropriate to do so in the interest of education, training or research purposes may be granted a license to a person to show public body or, where appropriate, the party and a person is authorized under this subsection, then display a body or a body part if, time of publication, is allowed under this section. "
Several organizations have proved that the Scottish Executive during the consultation process, including the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the Wellcome Trust and the Association of Museums.
United States
Various laws are proposed different American States. Most proposals focus on issues relating to the sale of human remains and donor consent.
National legislation and issues of consent tissue donation is expressed in the Uniform Anatomical Gift (2006), adopted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws states that "the donation a donor organ or a body part can be done during the lifetime of the donor for transplantation, therapy, research or education "and prohibits trafficking in human organs donated for profit.
In early 2008, the Federal Representative W Todd Akin has proposed an amendment to the Tariff Act Smoot-Hawley Act 1930 to make it unlawful for a person on the importation of plastinated human remains America. "The president of the American Association of Anatomists has expressed concern that the extent of the law is "too broad" and "Preventing the importation of plastinated specimens are all that may limit its use for education medical .. "law reform has been removed from the books at the end of 2008 session of Congress.
California
California bill AB1519 (Ma) sponsored by Assemblywoman Fiona Ma, which "requires exhibitors to obtain a permit from the county, for it must demonstrate to the county health people whose bodies were exposed or their relatives had given their consent.
Bill 1519 to make California the first state to prohibit the commercial profit and display public bodies or remains, unless exhibitors informed consent of the deceased or family.
Florida
The state of Florida prohibits the sale or purchase of human remains and "Authorizes certain science centers in this state for transport plastinated bodies within or outside this state and to expose these organizations for public education without the consent of the state Anatomical Board, if the science center notifies the board to be transported or display, and the location and duration of exposure, at least 30 days before shipping or exposure. "
Hawaii
In January 2009 Representative Marcus Oshiro introduced two bills pushed by the presentation of the Bodies exhibition in this state.
HB28 related bodies would be added a prohibition on the purchase of human cadavers, selling human cadavers and defined the term "human body" to include bodies and body parts plastinated. This would increase the penalty for the purchase or sale of a dead man with a maximum of $ 5000.
HB29 on human corpses. It would prohibit commercial exhibition of human corpses without permission from the Ministry of Health.
New York
In June 2008, New York became the first state to enact legislation that regulates the body's exposure. A bill sponsored by Senator Jim Alesi requires that any person having a display that uses bodies real human in the museums of New York to produce a permit detailing its origin.
Pennsylvania
Representative Mike Fleck Bill requiring proof of informed consent deceased or the relatives of all persons whose remains are on display.
Washington
Washington State has considered a bill that would "require a permit written to display human remains for commercial purposes. "
Controversies
BODY WORLDS exhibitions have controversy and debate has focused on several issues. The religious groups, including representatives of the Catholic Church and some rabbis have opposed the display of human remains, saying it is incompatible with respect for human body.
In 2003, while promoting an exhibition at the Erotic Museum of Hamburg Von Hagens has announced its intention to create a plastinated sex. In May , 2009 released a plastinated a couple to have sex for an exhibition in Berlin.
In 2007, the Bishop of Manchester has launched a campaign to coincide with the opening of Body Worlds in the city, accusing the exhibitors as "Body Snatchers" and "stealing the NHS, arguing that donations bodies for Plastination deprive the NHS organ transplant. The site includes a request of the government calling for "a review of legislation policies and practices of participation touring shows corpses. "
Consent is a primary objective of the discussion. Paul Harris Director of North Carolina, the State Board of Funeral Services, said: "Someone at some level of government should be able to see a death certificate, a statement an embalmer, donation documents … Is a reasonable standard to apply. "The member Fiona Ma (D-San Francisco), said:" These screens are important benefits education, but the body to help a person who is "unacceptable.
Plastinated whole body exposed in Body Worlds came from donors who gave consent informed through a program of organ donation only. just over eighteen years of age can enroll in the program. exhibitions of pre-natal samples and child are obtained from morphological collections previously held by the universities and medical institutions.
Bodies of deceased persons who have not given their consent, such as hospital patients died from Kyrgyzstan and executed prisoners in China have never been used in a Body Worlds exhibition. In January 2004, German magazine Der Spiegel reported that von Hagens had bought corpses of executed prisoners in China, he said he did not know the origin of the bodies and returned seven bodies on the challenge of China. In 2004, von Hagens has obtained an injunction against the magazine Der Spiegel to the demands.
A commission established by the Science Center of California at Los Angeles in 2004 confirmed the commitment of von Hagens ethical practices, and published its Summary of ethical review. The commission licenses forms of death and organ donation, and check the consent of a legal person exhibitions. However, to ensure confidentiality and promised anonymity to donors for the body, Von Hagens' Institute for Plastination maintains a firewall between the body material and finished donor bodies plastinated. To date, more than 9,000 people pledged to donate their organs at the Institute for Plastination in Heidelberg, Germany.
Body Worlds has been charged to perpetuate "conservative" representations of gender. international trade experts have objected to the way organizations to show the commercial products are imported, because the way that the classification codes (like "art collections") does not require the Centers for Disease Control stamp or death certificates, which are both required for medical cadavers. In most countries plastinated human specimens fall into the classification systems of the customs code 97,050,000.48 in the anatomical collections. This includes Customs Code oological collections, botanical, mineralogical, anatomical or elements of these collections.
In an analysis ethical, Thomas Hibbs, professor of ethics and culture at Baylor University, a private Baptist affiliates against pornography body shown by reducing the issue to the manipulation of body parts devoid of any larger meaning of man. "
In a 2006 conference entitled "Plasti-Nation: How The United States has won, "Lucia Tanassi, professor of medical ethics and anthropology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, to explore questions ethicists of this new scientific frontier. Tanassi called provocative ethics committees have contributed to the popularization of this process without showing a line of research that points to a report on the Ethics of Science Center California. As part of this review, bioethicist Hans Martin Sass was sent to Heidelberg to match donor consent death certificates.
Concern was expressed about education issues, particularly the inclusion of these screens for school trips. St. Louis Diocese Archbishop Raymond Burke strongly suggests that Catholic schools to avoid scheduling trips, saying children parents, rather they should be free to decide whether or not their children to the exhibition. Worried about how "some children the process of" those "graphic" images, McKay, director of the school in Abbotsford, British Columbia (a suburb of Vancouver), prohibits the display plasticized human visits. In an editorial Abbotsford News, Pastor Christoph Reiners issues affecting the exposure has on the values of children who attend school excursions. Others – such as the Office Catholic Schools in Phoenix – to recognize the educational content of the Body Worlds. Report on Exhibition at the O2 bubble in London in 2008/2009, Melanie Reid The London Times said: "(Body Worlds) should be mandatory for all children who are 10 years or more"
Von Hagens maintains control rights author of the photos of their exhibits. Visitors are not allowed to take photographs and press photographers are required to sign agreements permitting only one publication in a defined context, followed by a return of copyright Von Hagens. Because a similar agreement applied its bite (O-Tne, Germany) has suggested a German newspaper press refrain from reporting on the exhibition in Munich in 2003.
Competitors
The success of Body Worlds has led to several imitations plastinated bodies exhibition offers, including the United States … The exhibition and our bodies: the universe in the United States, to open the body in England, to explore the body in Taiwan, mysteries of the human body in South Korea, Jintai Plastomic: Mysteries of the human body in Japan, Spain Entraables Corps.
Some of these documents contain very similar to that of von Hagens' plastinated, Von Hagens said the protection of copyright, and further exploration of the body and the body found. Costumes were based on an alleged copyright certain body positions, but the trade says that the human body in all its diversity can not be protected.
These demands have not no longer compete. Although the Korean police in Seoul has confiscated a short sample of the body found was so successful exposure.
Many of these exposures in competition was organized by the U.S. company negotiated the first exhibition. They began their first exposure to open body in Blackpool, England, which was developed between August and October 2004. In 2005 and 2006, the company opened its body and bodies discovered … The display shows in Seoul, Tampa, Miami, New York and Seattle. Other locations exhibition in 2006 in Mexico City, Atlanta (Georgia), London, Great Britain and Las Vegas (Nevada).
Contrary to BODY WORLDS displayed without imitation or its suppliers have a body donation program. Dr. Roy Glover, a spokesman for organ … The exhibition, "said the bodies were "unclaimed" bodies deposited in the University of Dalian by the Chinese authorities. In May 2008 an agreement with the Attorney General of New Premier Exhibitions held York to offer refunds to visitors because it can not consent to the use of the body in its statements. New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo, said: "Despite of repeated denials, we now know that Premier itself can not fail to demonstrate the circumstances that led to the death of individuals. Nor is the prime minister could establish that these people consented to their remains being used in this way. "
More
Pushing the limits – Contacts with Gunther von Hagens. Biography. Ed Angelina Whalley, 2005. In English.
Body Worlds – The anatomical exhibition of real human bodies to Gunther von Hagens by Amazon-UK Publisher: B000Q2MCDU
There are no skeletons in the closet – a response to scandals in the body of 13 November 2003 Kyrgyzstan
Franz Josef Wetz and Brigitte Tag (ed.): Neue Krperwelten Schnee, Der Streit um die Ausstellung "Editorial Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2001. Sixteen authors discuss the ethical and aesthetic values of the organization world in German.
Liselotte Hermes da Fonseca: Wachsfigur – Mensch – plastinated. ber die von Sehen und wissen Mitteilbarkeit Nenna, in: Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft in Vierteljahrsschrift und Geistesgeschichte (1999), Heft 1.
Doms, Misia Sophia: Die Ausstellung und der Umgang der endlich Leiblichkeit rperwelten MIT. In: Volkskunde in Rheinland-Pfalz 17 / 1 (2002). S. 62-108.
Liselotte Hermes da Fonseca und Thomas Klich (Hg): Verfhrerische verbotene Leichen Verfall. "Krperwelten" als gesellschaftliche Schlsselereignis, ua Lengerich: Pabst Verlag 2006
Cambridge University Press: advice and consent. "
Auf Leben und Tod Diskussion um die Ausstellung zur Beitrge "Krperwelten" Reihe: Schriften aus dem Museum Berliner Medizinhistorischen Bogusch, Graf Gottfried, Renate;. Schnalke, Thomas 2003, VII, 136 S. Abb 62, ISBN 978-3-7985-1424-9 Softcover
BODY WORLDS Gunther Von Hagens' Belle sales Education, Lawrence Burns. The American Journal of Bioethics in 2007 (4): 12
External links and sources
Official site (English and German)
Gunther von Hagens appearances on television and film at the Internet Movie Database
Life in the fast lane and Video Images
References
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^ [Link broken]
^ Http: / www.bodyworlds.com / / Downloads / AW MPG E_Kirgisien 2.pdf
^ "CJO – Abstract – Advisory and Consent: The Americanization … Body Worlds "Journals.cambridge.org http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract 05/12/2006; jsessionid = 9B9D758A46031EB903BFB7EDF6C5B35B.tomcat1 fromPage = & Aid = 570528 online?. Retrieved on 25/02/2010.
^ Burns, Lawrence (04/04/2007). "Gunther von Hagens' BODY WORLDS: Education Beautiful sale. bioethics.net. http://bioethics.net/journal/j_articles.php?aid=1205. Retrieved 25/02/2010.
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