The idea that every organism has a unique genetic code that is transmitted to future generations has been hypothesized, long before the current arrangements or the source of hereditary information as agreed. After Mendel (1857) have demonstrated phenotypic characteristics that could be transferred from parents to sons, Fred Griffith stated in 1928 to find evidence that the molecule responsible for the preservation and transmission of this information was DNA. This was confirmed conclusively by the experiments of Avery and (after) Hershey and Chase, demonstrating that DNA was indeed the arsenal of hereditary information. From of this statement and the knowledge that the RNA was the immediate precursor of the protein, Francis Crick proposed in a document of 1954 – and reaffirmed in 1970 – was a scheme known as the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA to RNA to protein.
The central dogma is essentially a framework that describes the storage transfer of the DNA sequence information to the expression of this information as a functional protein entity. More importantly, it requires information only can flow from nucleic acid to protein, no proteins namely, that nucleic acid "Once (sequential) information has passed the protein, can not get over (FHC Crick, 1958). At the time of printing, it appears that the transfer or flow of information occurred in linearly, but the progress of modern biology, molecular biology and genetics have shown that this idea was too simple.
The interrelationship between these three important molecules may be more complex than previously thought, but the basic concept remains valid. All organisms (except some viruses that use RNA) DNA used as a storage facility of their genetic information. This information, which triplet codons are reality base pairs then used a model that faithfully transcribed RNA intermediary. Once the transcription is complete, which can then become the ribosome to a sequence of corresponding amino acids that encodes the set of a functional protein. The dogma concludes that it is the DNA that directs the organism's development and training of the protein is ultimately dependent on the sequence of DNA. Furthermore, the concept is also important as emphasizing that the information contained in the DNA must depend on RNA for transport. Significantly, it focuses on proteins as gene expression product, an idea that is now well understood by description complete genome.
Modern discoveries have shown that the flow of genetic information is much more dynamic. For example, some molecules RNA does not code for proteins and is rather intended to remain one of nucleotides of RNA. This type of RNA that is known as functional or ncRNA – that is, non-coding – As tRNA and rRNA. Moreover, ribozymes can act as catalysts, working as your own "protein" was never the road all the way to protein sequence. Another possibility is the modern dogma that RNA can also act as a template for DNA synthesis. This process is called transcription reversed using the reverse transcriptase enzyme and has been shown to exist in retroviruses. These results are important for the development of the theory as it confirms Crick postulated that RNA and DNA could return to further our understanding the central idea.
The importance of the central dogma as a concept is perhaps the best illustration, somewhat paradoxically, by the discovery that that is put directly. In their original statements, Crick explicitly that the "transfer of a protein" was impossible. It is now widely accepted that the infectious proteins known as prions, believed to be viral in nature, are built directly by initiating protein abnormal synthesis of its native form. His departure caused a lot of documents running against theories based on the assumption that protein-free replication violated the central dogma. It is clear that actions such as the central dogma of fundamental importance that has grown far beyond the actual statements in the original Crick. The scientific discoveries in all fields is driven by the desire to find simple, the underlying theories that can explain the complexity of many of its efforts on single theoretical framework. We know that DNA is the root of our hereditary information, and we know that the units that make life possible are proteins. However, despite some finer adjustments to the central dogma Crick certainly posed a foundation, giving biologists a central concept both to guide and build around.
Author: Kellieanne McMillan (Glasgow University, BSc Neuroscience)
The War on Neuroscience : Part 3, The Machinery of Consciousness
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