Linguistics Koran and ethics
INTRODUCTION
Literature is made of language. In another large tongue, it is words and the words are strings of sentences. We know what words mean and how they can be used in combination with sense. However, you may or may not be able to express rules of these combinations – the grammar. But as a user of a language, we can recognize when a group of words makes sense and when not working. This knowledge enables a system to make sense of the particular combination of words of text provided. We apply this knowledge of the language system – its meanings and forms – before of a literary work can come to life.
They may have a story or a poem that reads differently than the next person. This is because a reader takes in his bed own experience and belief and that their own knowledge and give meaning to each of you read this. However, there are certain rules must meet the reader where the meaning is concerned. There are rules of language, literary standards and cultural norms that shape systems of meaning. Therefore, we can not do what one reads what one wants to give. Read literature critically and actively draws attention to one of these systems meaning.
Attention to the language by reading literature helps anchor the analysis language in the text to focus on commands such as linguistic features distinguishing terms, the choice of vocabulary patterns, sound and rhythms, and complex meaning. These language structures are clearly visible and present in the literature.
The English translation of the Quran were found to contain a variety of linguistic features. When looking more closely, and give equal attention to the visibility of the structures of language in literature you can tell your experience and literary value.
When one reads a poem, for example, first seen in the language used – words. When one is analyzing a poem, we must consider its purpose, the poet and his approach to form and style it is written the poem. The purpose and focus of the poet, in general, influence in his choice of form and style. If a poet writes about a violent, for example, the Tornedo, the poet tends to use violent words and their meaning sound.
Similarly, when we read the verses of the Quran English translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, one can enjoy the same pleasure poetic compliance. In the academic field, especially in Islamic institutions, attempts were made to integrate Islam in all courses. The use of English translations the Koran as a literary text would certainly be a way to integrate Islam largely on a literature class in the English language as the language of instruction.
Most Muslims around the world are people who do not speak Arabic that made it a necessity to cope with the Koran in various languages. English, in particular, world that the great international language would be a good way to understand the teachings of the Koran and thus contributing to spread peace and harmony by practicing Muslims and international commitment to Islam.
There is no general consensus on the meaning of the translations of the Koran are "closer" or better. Each researcher can have their own reasons for preferring or rejecting a particular text.
MEANING OF THE QURAN TRANSLATIONS
According to Ahmad von Denffer The Muslim scholars agree that it is impossible to transfer the original meaning of the word, the Quran (Von Denffer, 1985:143). Some scholars refer to a translated version of the Koran in a translation of the Quran found in the expressions made of words and phrases that express the meaning the Koran into other languages.
Muhammad Umar Al-Ghazali and Ubayd Hasanah write that there is a consensus among Muslim scholars that when the Quran is translated into another language, the translated book can not convey the original meaning and precise Quran (Al-Ghazali and Hasanah, 1991:239). Therefore, you should call this book translated, translation the Koran, for example, French, German and English. Researchers agree that the original text which was revealed in Arabic is the only book that can be called the Koran.
Mr. Pickthall prologue open section of his book, The Meaning of the Noble Qur'an, English translation of the meaning the Koran, along these lines:
The aim of this paper is to introduce readers to what the world has also to be the meaning the words of the Koran and the nature of this book … …. The Quran can not be translated (Pickthall 1963: i).
Muhammad Asad writes in his book "The Message of the English-language translation of the Qur'an, the meaning of the Qur'an:
I do not claim to have "translated" the Qur'an in the sense that Plato or Shakespeare can be translated. Unlike any other book, its meaning and form of presentation of an indivisible whole language. The position of each word in a sentence, the rhythm and the sound of your prayers and syntactic construction, as a metaphor flows almost imperceptible in a statement the pragmatic use of acoustic stress not only in the service of rhetoric, but as a means of referring ideas, but clearly implied that: all this makes the Qur'an, as a last resort, unique and untranslatable – a fact that was highlighted by many translators and above all the Arab scholars. But although it is impossible to "play" the Quran as such in another language, no less can make your message understandable for people who, like most Westerners do not know Arabic at all, or – as is the case of Most Arab Muslims are not educated – not enough well as to find their way through it without assistance (Asad, 1980: v).
Quran translations are in fact expressions of the meaning of the Qur'an to other languages. Despite these translations are not enough to express all the meanings of the Qur'an by the original text, translations are very needy. Like most of Muslims around the world are people who do not speak Arabic, the translation of the Quran in other languages to serve their purpose of existence. Translations of Quran becomes a concrete basis for the spread of Islam to other people around the world.
When choosing a translation, the reader should keep in mind that the Quran original was written in Arabic, was revealed as a guide for people. A translation is to take the reader understand the meaning of the Quran so that we can get his leadership. Since the English translation first published the Koran, some 350 years have passed. During this period, 40 complete English translations have been published (Khan, 1997:245).
According to MH Khan, the first complete translation of the Quran has made in America by an Englishman, Robert of Ketton. Robert said he has tried to carry out this project of translation of "selecting nothing, nothing changed in form, except for purposes of intelligibility." Completed the project, somewhere between June 16 and July 16, 1643 (Khan, 1997:2).
Mr. Khan also said that the first English translation of the Qur'an was made by a Frenchman the Ryer. The translation has been widely called the Koran of Mohammed, translated from Arabic into French by the Sieur du Ryer, Lord of Weeds and living for the King of France at Alexandria. And recently Inglés to everyone's satisfaction that the desire to look into the Turkish vanities, was printed in London 1649. Dr. Khan summarized the comments from reviewers of the first English translation of the Quran is "far from perfect" and "indifferent the translation of a suitable version of "(Khan, 1997:34).
Muhammad Asad
Muhammad Asad, formerly Leopold Weiss born in 1900 in the Polish city of Lvov. In 1958 he moved to Switzerland and began translating the Koran into English. About 5 years of work, Asad The Message of the Qur'an published in 1964. Was a prerequisite, a limited edition of his complete translation. The full translation of Assad, the first of the twenty-two years of work was Launched in 1980, published by Dar al-Andalus Limited, Gibraltar.
The features of his book includes a dedication page "for people who think" and a table of contents that gives you two legends Arabic and English translation of Sura, a list of reference works and a prologue that explains the need for a new translation. The text given in Arabic and English are printed in parallel columns, while a few comments in the notes appear in the translation. A brief introduction each sura explains the chronological order of the same, but sometimes goes beyond present their internal message. The work includes four useful appendices: "The symbolism and allegory in the Qur'an, Al-Muqattaat the term and concept of Qui-Gon, and Night Journey "(Khan, 1997:146).
Ali Abdullah Yusfi
Abdullah Yusuf Ali, also known as Allama Abdullah Yusuf Ali was born April 4, 1872 in Surat, India. He died on December 10, 1953. Abdullah Yusuf Ali is a well known figure in Koranic literature. Its English translation of the Quran is so popular that almost all Muslims in English was read, heard or copy.
The features of his book is that the Arabic text and English translation are printed in parallel columns, a series of notes are arranged in the form of comments in the bottom half of the page, and each Surat begins with a summary individual poetic. The book begins with a general introduction, poetic introduction and table of contents. The first edition came out between 1934 and 1937. In total, 93 different editions of Abdullah Yusuf Ali have been identified (Khan, 1997:123).
Surat SELECTION
Sura (chapter of Qur'an) can be selected at random from the list of Sura Medina and Mecca. The selection verses of Sura would be suitable for use in the kind of literature should be done with much thought and planning. This writer believes that these issues during the selection:
a) What is the sura of medium length, not too long or short. This author has studied the approximate duration of one hour of class to complete education of a chapter of medium length.
b) that the sura contains interesting and appropriate questions for the undergraduate level. family issues are important for participation in class and enough points for the test.
Medina and Mecca
The Quran was revealed over a period of twenty years. Growth and development of the Muslims during the period of revelation are marked by two major phases:
a) The period of Mecca before the Prophet's migration.
b) The period in Medina after the Prophet's migration.
Knowledge of Mecca and Medina revelations (or sura) is a great importance for a Muslim. In total, there are one hundred and fourteen suras of the Koran. Mecca phase of the revelation lasted nearly thirteen years after the first revelation the Prophet's migration. Topics main Sura of Mecca are:
a God) and the Unity of God
b) Judgement Day
c) virtuous conduct
Sura of Mecca are generally short. There eighty-five sura in the Koran of Mecca. Medina took the stage about ten years, migration of the Prophet Mohammed died. The main themes of the Medina suras are:
a) Legislation
b) the rules for social relations
c) ownership and inheritance.
Madani Sura were generally longer than the Sura of Mecca. There are eight forty Madani Sura in the Koran.
CONCLUSION
Another objectives of this study was to explore and raise awareness of the literary aspects of the two versions of the English translation of the meaning of the Koran and is then both can be used as literary texts for teaching English literature.
This writer chose Abdullah Yusuf Ali, because the version of this book, the Qur'an contains many notes, which provide useful explanations and background. In addition, the English language used in this book is particularly interesting to this writer's style is considered more poetic than others.
This writer has been aware of the existence of another book selected, the message of the Quran by Muhammad Asad. When this writer first met Muhammad Asad version, prosaic writing style attracted the attention of this writer. Personally, This author believes that it is written to make it a little easier to understand than the version of Abdullah Yusuf Ali and other versions that have been read by this writer. In this case, this writer also believes that Muhammad Asad version might be good for young readers or for those with less language proficiency English.
The variety of different topics suras Medina and Mecca makes the possibility and desirability of using it as a literary text more. On the other hand, each sura verses are rich in literary and linguistic features. These features can be exploited in the English language and literature class as with any text literature.
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About the Author
I am, at present, a Lecturer in the English Department at the British University in Egypt — El Shorouk City, Cairo. I am a U.S. citizen with a PhD in English Literature and Applied Linguistics-Stylistics, as well as a master’s degree and a postgraduate teaching diploma in Teaching English as a Second Language. I have taught both in the United States and abroad.
My research is in the field of using English language translations of the Quran as material for the teaching of English language and literature to non-native English speakers. I have done extensive work in this area since 1992, and I have accumulated many case studies and classroom observations. Starting from the experience of substituting sections from the Quran for the standard classroom text, I have employed various pedagogical approaches to teaching the Quran as literature — questionnaires, stylistic analysis, comparative studies of different English language translations, linguistic analysis of verses, and so on. I have also organized a forum on this topic with experts in the field.
In doing all of this, my intention was not to look at the religious value of the verses, but at the literary value that is so abundant in both the English language translations and the original. I have been able to prepare a number of articles based on the data from my classroom experiences. I would like to share my research-based findings internationally.
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