ZX Spectrum
Hardware
48K ZX Spectrum motherboard (Issue 3B, 1983, heat sink removed)
The spectrum is based on a Zilog Z80A CPU running at 3.5 MHz (or NEC D780C-1 clone). The original model Spectrum has 16 KB (161,024 bytes) of ROM and 48 KB or 16 KB of RAM. design team was Altwasser by Richard Sinclair Research, and external appearance of the machine was designed by industrial designer Rick Dickinson Sinclair.
The video output is an RF modulator and was designed for use with contemporary portable television sets, the simple color graphic display. The text can be displayed using 32 columns of 24 lines of characters from the character set ZX Spectrum or set provided in an application, from a palette of 15 colors, seven colors in two levels of brightness each, plus black. The image resolution is 256,192 with the limitations of the same color. To save memory, the color is stored separately from the pixel bitmap in a lower resolution, 3224 overlapping grid corresponding to the character cell. Altwasser received a patent for this design.
An "attribute" is a foreground and background color, a brightness level (normal or bright) and a symbol "flag", when set, causes the two colors to exchange at regular intervals. Unfortunately, This system leads to a clash of color call or come into conflict with foreign attribute effects Animated graphics arcade-style games. This problem became a feature of the spectrum and a joke among Spectrum users, as well as a point of derision by advocates of other systems. Other machines available at the same time as Amstrad CPC, suffer from this limitation. The Commodore 64 uses the color of the attributes in a similar way, but in a special way in various colors, hardware sprites and offset attribute is used to avoid confrontations.
The audio output is through a buzzer on the device. This module is capable of producing a 10-channel octaves. The machine also includes an edge connector expansion bus and audio input / output ports for connecting a tape recorder for loading and storing programs and data.
Machine Sinclair BASIC interpreter stored in ROM (with basic system routines) and written by Steve Vickers on contract from nine tiles Ltd. The spectrum Chiclet keyboard (above the membrane, similar to calculator keys) is marked with basic words, so that, for example, by pressing "G" in the mode to insert the BASIC command GO.
Models
pre-production drawings
Rick Dickinson came with a series of models called ZX82 before the final version of the ZX Spectrum. A number of legends of the keyboard changed during the design phase, including arc again turn into paper and ink BEFORE RETURNING be.
Sinclair Research models
ZX Spectrum 16K/48K
ZX Spectrum 16K/48K (Dimensions (mm): 233×144x30 (WxHxD) @ ~ 552 grams).
The original ZX Spectrum is known for its rubber keyboard, small size and distinctive rainbow pattern. Was released originally in 1982 with 16 KB of RAM for £ 125 or 48 KB to 175, these prices were then reduced to 99 and 129, respectively. The owners of the model can buy a 16 KB internal 32 MB of RAM upgrade, which for the beginning of "Number 1" machines consisted of a daughter card. Later issue machines required Installation of 8 dynamic RAM chips and a couple of TTL chips. Users can send their spectra at 16K Sinclair updates to 48 KB. To reduce the price, the extension used eight faulty 32 KB 64 Kbps chips with only half its capacity for work and / or available. External 32 KB RAM pouches mounted on the expansion slot back also to third parties. Both machines had 16 KB of ROM on board.
About 60,000 "Number 1" ZX spectra were produced, which are distinguished from later models by the color of the keys (light gray for the number 1, blue-gray of the newer models).
ZX Spectrum +
ZX Spectrum + (Size (mm): 319×149x38 (WxHxD))
ZX Spectrum + Planning began in June 1984, and the machine was published In October the same year. This spectrum of 48 KB (development code name for tuberculosis) has introduced a new QL-style case with injection molded keyboard and a reset button. Electronics, which was identical to the previous model 48 KB. 179.95 sold. DIY-conversion kit for older machines also available. From the beginning, the team sold more than a 2:01 model of rubber-key, but some retailers have reported a failure rate of 30% compared with 6.5% more common.
ZX Spectrum 128
ZX Spectrum 128
Sinclair ZX Spectrum developed the 128 (code-named Derby) in collaboration Investrnica its Spanish distributor. Investrnica had helped adapt the ZX Spectrum + in the Spanish market after the Spanish government introduced a tax special to all teams with 64 KB of RAM or less, which is not compatible with the Spanish alphabet (as) and display messages in Spanish.
The new features include 128 KB of RAM, three-channel audio via the AY-3-8912 chip, MIDI compatibility, an RS-232 serial port, RGB monitor port, 32 KB of ROM, including editor improved basis and an external keypad.
The machine was presented at the same time for the first time and launched in September 1985 in the exhibition '85 SIMO in Spain, with a prize of 44,250 pesetas. Due to the large amount of unsold Spectrum + models, Sinclair decided not to begin selling in the UK until January 1986 at a price of 179.95. Without an external keyboard was available for release in the UK, although the ROM routines and use the same port, which was renamed in a hurry "A", remained.
The Z80 processor used in the spectrum has an address bus of 16 bits, which means that 64 KB of memory can be addressed directly. To facilitate additional 80 KB of RAM designers have used bank switching if the new memory is available in eight pages of 16 KB at the top of the space directions. The same technique was also used to advance a new ROM and the original editor of 16 KB 16 KB ROM BASIC in the bottom of the address space.
The new sound chip and MIDI output capabilities have been exposed to the programming language BASIC with the command of the game and SPECTRUM new command was added to start the machine at 48K, while maintaining the current basic program intact (although there is no way back to 128 K). To enable BASIC programmers to access the extra memory, a RAM disk has been created where files can be stored in the additional 80 KB of RAM. New orders have taken the place of two spaces existing user-defined characters that cause compatibility problems with some programs in BASIC.
The Spanish version had the "128K" logo in white and English have the same logo in red.
Amstrad models
ZX Spectrum 2
ZX Spectrum 2
The Spectrum ZX Spectrum +2 was Amstrad first, soon after purchasing the range of the spectrum and brand "Sinclair" in 1986. The machine includes a gray box spring with a new keyboard ports, dual joystick, and a high-cassette recorder dubbed the "CORDER" (like the Amstrad CPC 464), but in many respects identical to the ZX Spectrum 128. The main menu screen was not the ghost of the 128 "the tape test "and the ROM has been modified to reflect a new 1986 Amstrad copyright message. These changes have resulted in minor incompatibility problems with the ROM routines software available in certain directions. Production costs have been reduced and the price of retail sales dropped to 139,149.
The new keyboard does not include the word key core brands that have been found before in a spectrum, with the exception of the keyword LOAD, CODE and RUN have been useful for loading software. Was not is a major problem, however, that both boasted a menu system, almost identical to the ZX Spectrum 128, where you can spend 48k BASIC programming with words key, and 128k BASIC programming in which all words (keywords, etc) should be written in full (even if the keywords are always stored internally as character of each). Despite these changes, the provision has remained the same as the 128.
ZX Spectrum +2 A
ZX Spectrum +2 A
The ZX Spectrum +2 A was produced to standardize range Amstrad in 1987. Although the case reads "ZX Spectrum +2", the A-2 / B is easily distinguishable from the original 2 that the case was returned to the standard black spectrum.
The A-2 model is derived from Amstrad ROM 3 4.1, using a new motherboard that greatly reduces the number of chips integrating many of them in a new ASIC. 2 to 3 s replaced the disk and associated equipment to a tape drive, and at home in two. Originally, Amstrad plans to introduce additional disk interface, but never appeared. If an external hard drive is added, the 2 A "from the operating system is changed to 3. As with ZX Spectrum +3, some 48K or more and a little more than 128 K, the games were incompatible with the machine.
ZX Spectrum +2 B
The ZX Spectrum +2 B means a shift of manufacturing from Hong Kong to Taiwan after 1987.
ZX Spectrum 3
ZX Spectrum 3
The ZX Spectrum as two three, but also a floppy disk drive 3-inch high (like the Amstrad CPC 6128) instead of tape drive, and was in a black casing. It was released in 1987, initially retailed at 249 and 199 and later was the spectrum that can only run CP / M without additional hardware.
The three saw the addition of two more 16 KB ROM. One was the outbreak of the second part of the reorganized ROM 128 and the other in the +3 s disk operating system. It was a modified version of Amstrad AMSDOS called three DOS. These two new 16-KB ROM original and two 16 KB ROM are implemented together physically and the fleas from 32 KB. To be able to run CP / M, which requires the bottom of the address space of RAM, switching banks has improved, allowing the ROM to be sent to another 16 KB of RAM.
These changes in incompatibilities Basic:
The withdrawal of several lines in the edge connector expansion bus (video, food and IORQGE) caused many problems external devices some, like the VTX5000 modem could be used by the "Fixit" device
ROMC is divided into two lines to disable both ROM
I Playing a nonexistent port E / S does not return the last attribute, the fact that some games like Arkanoid is unplayable
Memory changes now, some of these banks is now supported RAM, causing high velocity impact of a change of color to failure
The keyboard scanning routines have been removed ROM
move a byte address in ROM
Some 48K or more and a little more than 128 K, the games were incompatible with the machine.
3 is the official model of the end of the spectrum to be built, the rest of the production until December 1990. Although it represents a third of all home computer sales in the UK at the moment, production model has been discontinued by Amstrad at this time.
Clones
Teaching M
See also: List of ZX Spectrum clones
Sinclair Spectrum License for the design of Timex Corporation in the United States. An improved version with better sound spectrum, graphics and other changes were marketed in the United States by Timex as the Timex Sinclair 2068. Timex were derived largely incompatible with Sinclair systems. However, Timex some of the innovations were adopted later by Sinclair Research. An example is abortion Pandora portable spectrum, ULA was the high resolution video mode pioneer in the TS2068. Pandora was a flat screen monitor and Microdrive and was designed to be portable Sinclair business. When Alan Sugar bought the computer side he left me Sinclair (United Kingdom of a conversation with journalist Guy Kewney computer was as follows: AS: "Have you seen?" GK: "Yes" as: "Good.").
In the UK, the spectrum of peripheral Seller Miles Gordon Technology (MGT) released the SAM Coup as a potential successor with some Spectrum compatibility. However, at this point, the Commodore Amiga and Atari ST had gripped the market, leaving MGT payments possible.
Many Spectrum officials clones were produced, especially in the countries of former Eastern bloc (for example, in Romania, several models have been produced (Tim-S, HC85, HC91, Cobra Junior CIP, CIP 3, Jet), some with CP / M and 5.25 "/ 3.5" diskette) and South America (eg, 90X traditional knowledge and skills Microdigital traditional 95). In the Soviet Union, the ZX Spectrum clones met by thousands of small business start-ups and if ads posters distributed and street booths. Over 50 models there clone. Some of them are still in production, such as the Pentagon and ATM Turbo. In India, Decibel Electronics had a licensed version of the spectrum + in 1986. Dubbed the PP "Spectrum +, did pretty well in the market in India and sold quite a few thousand to 1990 when the market was.
Peripherals
Several devices for spectrum Marketed by Sinclair ZX printer was already on the market, such as bus expansion ZX Spectrum was compatible with the ZX81.
The ZX Interface 1 add-on module includes 8 KB of ROM, an RS-232 serial port, the owner of a LAN interface (called net ZX), and an interface for connecting up to eight ZX Microdrive unreliable, but fast tape drives for storing cartridges loop published in July 1983. They were used in a revised version on the Sinclair QL, whose storage format has been electrically compatible but logically incompatible with spectrum. Sinclair ZX Interface 2 also released, which added two joystick ports and a ROM cartridge port.
There were a lot of addons third-party hardware. The best known of these include the Kempston joystick interface, peripheral interface Centronics/RS-232 Morex, Currah Microspeech unit (speech synthesis) Videoface digitizer, the package of RAM, the Cheetah Marketing SpecDrum, a drum machine, and Multiface, an overview and a removal tool Romantic Robot. Keyboards were particularly popular in view of the original feel notorious "dead meat."
ZX Printer
ZX Interface 1
ZX Interface 2
ZX Microdrive
Kempston joystick interface
There were many disk interfaces, including creators Abbeydale / Watford Electronics SPDOS Kempston KDOS Abbeydale Designers / Discovery and Opus. Interfaces and SPDOS KDOS were the first to come bundled with office productivity software (word processor Tasword, database and spreadsheet OmniCalc Masterfile). This, together with OCP inventory control, finance and payroll systems, has many small businesses simplify IT operations. The most popular transmission systems (except in Eastern Europe) have been the disciple and systems + D by Miles Gordon Technology published in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Both systems have the ability to store images on a memory disk image can be used to restore the range of its exact state before. Therefore also compatible with Microdrive command syntax, which makes porting existing software much easier.
In mid 1980, Telemap Group Ltd launched a payment service that allows users to connect their ZX Spectrum through a modem Prism Micro Products VTX5000 videotex service known as Micronet 800, hosted by Prestel. This service is before the Web, but offers many services now considered common.
Software
A screenshot Rebelstar a well-known game of the spectrum
Main article: ZX Spectrum software
The spectrum has a dynamic, dedicated fan-base. From it was cheap and easy to learn and use the program, the Spectrum was the starting point for many programmers. Hardware limitations of the spectrum has imposed a special level of creativity of game developers, and many games of the spectrum are very creative and play even by today's standards. The success of the first models of the spectrum "as a platform game great wine, despite its lack of integrated joystick ports, primitive sound generation and color support that is optimized for viewing text.
The family has a spectral library software is very important for more than 20,000 titles is growing. While most of these games are, the library is very diverse, including implementations of programming languages, databases (eg, VU-File), word processing (eg Tasword II), spreadsheets (eg, VU-Calc), drawing and painting tools (OCP Art Studio), and even 3D modeling (eg, VU-3D) and programs astronomy and astrology and software archeology.
Distribution
Most Spectrum software is distributed on audio cassettes. The spectrum is provided for operation with a normal recorder inside, and despite the differences in the reproduction of audio fidelity, the software loading process was quite reliable, if somewhat slow (by today's standards).
Although the ZX Microdrive was greeted with critical acclaim never took off as a distribution method due to concerns about the quality of the cartridges and piracy. Therefore the use became director to complete the release strip, usually services public and niche products such as word processing software and Tasword Trans Express (A tape backup utility Microdrive). There are no games are known only as released on Microdrive.
Despite the popularity of the disciple and + D systems, most of the software for them has taken the form of software. The ZX Spectrum 3 was much more successful when it comes to commercial software versions on diskette. Over 700 titles have been published in the disk of 3 inches from 1987 to 1997.
The software is also distributed in print media, magazines and books. The player hit list Sinclair BASIC program from your computer, run it, and can be recorded on tape for later use. Software distributed in this way is usually simpler and slower than their counterparts in assembly language. Magazines also print long lists of hexadecimal digits checksum games with the machine code or tools.
Another method of distributing software has been to transmit the audio of the tape to other media and allow users to record on a cassette tape of themselves. In the radio or TV in many European countries, describing a series of programs, asking the public to connect a cassette recorder to the radio or television, then issue the program on the radio in audio format. Some magazines distributed 7 "33 rpm records flexidisc, a variant of regular discs can play on a standard turntable. These discs were known as ROM.
Copy and backup software
Copierstilities many programs to copy audio tape to another tape microdrive, and more diskettesere later available for the spectrum. In response, publishers brought against copy protection measures in its software, including loading rates. Other copy protection methods have also been used, including the application of a particular word of the documentation provided with a new trilogyr gameften Silicon Dreams other physical device software.g distributed. LensLok used in the elite. special equipment, such as Romantic Robot Multiface was able to dump a RAM disk copy of the ZX Spectrum / Band at the touch of a button, completely circumvent copy protection.
Most software in the last spectrum years, has become the modern media and is available for download. A popular program to convert the spectrum band is tapered, You can connect a tape player on line in the port of a sound card, a simple deviceo orhrough house built on the parallel port of a PC. Once a file host computer, the software can be run in one of the many emulators on virtually all platforms available today.
The largest online archive Software Spectrum ZX Spectrum world, with over 18,000 titles. The legality of this practice is still in question and some number of holders copyright has explicitly opposed the distribution of its software, some abandonware sites have generally observed spectrum.
Notable developers
A number of game developers who are attacked and development companies began their careers on the ZX Spectrum, including David Perry of Shiny Entertainment, and Tim and Chris Stamper (founders of Ultimate Play the Game, now known as Rare, maker of many titles known for playing Nintendo and Microsoft). Other developers Game Highlights include Julian Gollop (Chaos Rebelstar, the X-COM), Matthew Smith (Manic Miner, Jet Set Willy), Jon Ritman (day of the game, Head Over Heels), the Oliver Twins (Dizzy series), Clive Townsend (Saboteur), Pete Cooke (Tau Ceti) Mike Singleton (The Lords of midnight, the war in Middle-earth), and Alan Cox. Although the audio spectrum was not as effective as the Commodore 64 musicians Whittaker, David and Tim Follin produced significant multi-channel music to the machine.
Jeff Minter brought some of his Commodore VIC-20 games for the ZX Spectrum.
Community
The ZX Spectrum was a very strong community from the beginning. Several magazines have dedicated landfill, including the user Sinclair (1982), Your Sinclair (1983) and Crash (1984). At first they were very technical guidance programs like machine code and tutorials. Later it became almost entirely playful. Several contemporary general computer magazines focused on the ZX Spectrum more or less detail. These include computers Player, Video Games, Computers Today, popular weekly computer, the computer and game machine.
The spectrum is affectionately known as the Spectrum by elements of their fans.
More than 80 electronic journals available, especially in Russia. The most notable of these were AlchNews (UK) ZX-Format (Russia), and Spectrofon (Russia).
See also
He sat on a similar system, often considered a clone of the ZX Spectrum.
ZX Spectrum graphic modes
List of ZX Spectrum games
List of ZX Spectrum clones
Hardware history (1960-present)
References
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^ Minter, Jeff. "The story Llamasoft Part 8 – The dawn of Llamasoft. http://www.llamasoft.co.uk/lshistory8.php. Retrieved 26.09.2007.
^ "The top shelf magazines, comic books and documents of the recent past .. Cream Top TV platform Http: / /. Tv.cream.org / specialassignments / TopShelf / arjcomp.htm. Retrieved on 09/10/2008.
^ "Top 100 YS Speccy games of all time (Ever!). Your Sinclair (70): 31. October 1991. http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/ystop100.htm. Retrieved on 13/06/2007.
External Links
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Anatomy and dissection of a Spectrum +2 Studio B picture of a B 2 vs screwdriver
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