Harold Wilson
Early
Wilson was born in Huddersfield, England March 11, 1916, almost exactly contemporary his rival, Edward Heath (born July 9, 1916). It came from a political family: his father James Herbert Wilson (18821971) was a chemist who works active in the Party Liberal and joined the Labour Party. His mother (do Seddon, 18821957) Ethel was a schoolteacher before her marriage. When Wilson was eight years old, traveled to London and a photo that would later be known was taken from him at the door of 10 Downing Street.
Education
Wilson won a scholarship to study at the local high school, Royds Hall High School, Huddersfield. His education was interrupted in 1931 when he contracted the fever typhoid after drinking contaminated milk to explore and took months to recover. The following year, his father worked as an industrial chemist, was fired and moved to Spital on the Wirral to find work. Wilson attended the sixth form at Wirral Grammar School for Boys, where he became Head Boy.
Wilson did well at school and although it got a scholarship, got an exhibition, supplemented by a grant from the county, was used to study the history modern Jesus College, Oxford, 1934. At Oxford, Wilson has been moderately active in politics as a Liberal Party member, but was then influenced by GDH Cole join the Labour Party. After his first year, he changed his field of study of philosophy, political science and economics. He graduated with "a title notable first class of the Arts with alpha in every role "in the final exam. He also received exceptional testimony to their guardians, including a comment that" is, by far the wisest man I have learned so far. "
Although Wilson had two abortive attempts a fellowship of All Santos, continued in academia, becoming one of the youngest of the University of Oxford puts the century to the age of 21. He was a professor of history economic in the New College in 1937 and a researcher at the University College for the period 1938 to 1945. For much of that time, was a research assistant to William Beveridge, Master of the Order, working on issues of unemployment and the economic cycle.
Marriage
In 1940, in the chapel of Mansfield College, Oxford, married (Gladys) Mary Baldwin, who remained his wife until his death. Mary Wilson became a published poet. They had two sons, Robin and Giles (the name of Giles Alington), Robin became a math teacher, and Giles became a teacher. His two sons went to same independent school, the University College School in Hampstead. In twenty years, his son was under threat of kidnapping by the IRA. After becoming a master a school for two full years, Giles later returned to teaching, becoming professor of mathematics at Salisbury Cathedral School. In November 2006, Giles reported that he had resigned from teaching and become a train conductor South West Trains. He is passionate about the restoration of rail including the Tarka line.
wartime service
At the outbreak of the Second War World, Wilson volunteered for service, but classified as a specialist and moved to public service instead. Most of his war was spent as a statesman and economist of the coal industry. He was Director of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of fuel and electricity 19 434, and received an OBE for his services.
He was to remain passionate in the statistics. As president of the Chamber of Commerce, was the driving force behind Trade Statistics Act 1947, which remains the governing authority for most economic statistics in Britain. He played as Prime Minister in appointing Claus Moser as head of the Central Bureau of Statistics, and was president of the Royal Statistical Society in 197,273.
MP
When the war came to an end, he sought to win a general election imminent. He was selected to Ormskirk, then held by Stephen King-Hall. Wilson accidentally taken away as a candidate instead of delaying the elections until he was called, and was forced to resign public service. Was Praelector in economics from the University College between his resignation and his election to the House of Commons. He also used the time to write New Deal for Coal which used his wartime experience to defend the nationalization of coal mines on the basis of greater efficiency.
During the 1945 general election, Wilson won his seat in the Labour landslide. To his surprise, was immediately appointed to the government as Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of Public Works. Two years later he became Secretary of Foreign Trade, as such, made several official trips to the Soviet Union to negotiate supply contracts. Conspiracy-minded commentators most wanted to raise suspicions about these trips.
Within government
October 14, 1947, Wilson was appointed President of the Chamber of Commerce and at 31 became the newest member Young, Office of the century 20. He took the lead in eliminating some wartime ration, which he described as a "bonfire of controls." 'S role in the internal debates in the summer of 1949, or not to devalue the pound sterling, which was perceived as having played both sides of the issue, tarnished his reputation in political circles and civil servants. In the general election of 1950 his district was changed and was chosen in close collaboration for the new headquarters Huyton, Merseyside.
Wilson came to be known as a left and joined Aneurin Bevan and John Freeman of the government to resign in April 1951 to protest against the introduction of the National Health Service (NHS) medical expenses to meet the financial requirements imposed by the Korean War. After the Labour Party lost the general election later this year, was named president of Bevan "keep left of the group, but little later distanced himself from Bevan. Coincidentally, it was also the resignation of shadow cabinet in 1954 Bevan Wilson put the bank back before (as a critic, first Instead of funding).
Opposition
Wilson soon proved to be very effective minister de la sombra. One of his shots procedure caused the loss of Public Finance, 1955, and his speeches as Shadow Chancellor in 1956 were widely praised for its clarity and spirit. He coined the term "gnomes of Zurich" to describe Swiss bankers whom he accused of pushing the pound on speculation. Meanwhile, researchers the organization of the Labour Party after its defeat in the general election of 1955, which compared the organization of the party in a "penny farthing" archaic bike, and made several recommendations for improvements. Exceptionally, Wilson has combined the office of Speaker of the House of Commons Public Service Committee accounts the shadow chancellor since 1959, chairs the PAC from 1959 to 1963.
Wilson took a course in the party affairs in the decade 1950 and early 1960 that left him totally accepted and approved by the left or right. Despite his past association with the left-center Aneurin Bevan, in 1955 supported to the right of center Hugh Gaitskell against Bevan from the party leadership, which then launched a timely challenge, but in vain Gaitskell in 1960, following the Conference Party's defeat in 1959, the controversial attempt to ditch work Gaitskell commitment to the nationalization of a section of Part IV, and the defeat Gaitskell in 1960 Conference of the Parties on a proposal from Britain to unilateral nuclear disarmament. Wilson also challenged for the deputy leadership in 1962 but was defeated by George Brown. Suite these challenges, he moved to the position of the shadow of Foreign Affairs.
Hugh Gaitskell died unexpectedly in January 1963 as the Working Group has begun to unite and try to have a good chance of being elected to government. Wilson became the left candidate for leadership. Defeated George Brown, who has been hampered by the reputation of being an irregular shape, the right of competition in the second round, after James Callaghan, who entered the race as an alternative to Brown on the right the party was eliminated in the first round.
Wilson 1964 election was facilitated by Profumo case, a sex scandal of 1963 Ministerial had struck down the Conservative government of Harold Macmillan and was to sully his successor Sir Alec Douglas-Home, even if the house was not involved in the scandal. Wilson did not engage capital in the less healthy. (Questions a statement on the scandal, said: "No comment … technicolor! "). The home is an aristocrat who had renounced his title of Lord Home to sit in the House of Commons. Wilson to comment that it was 14 Earl of Home, Home, said: "I suppose Mr. Wilson is the fourteenth Mr. Wilson."
At the annual conference Labour Party in 1963, Wilson was perhaps his most memorable speech, the implications of scientific advances and technology, in which he declared that "Great Britain will be forged in the white heat of this revolution will be no place for restrictive practices or outdated measures on either side of the industry. "This speech did much to Wilson's reputation as a technocrat is not related to the class system in place.
first term Prime Minister (19641970)
Labour won the general elections of 1964 with a slim majority of four seats, and Wilson became Prime Minister. A parliamentary majority was enough to last a full term, and after 18 months, a second election in March 1966 with majority returning Many Wilson more than 96 years.
Affairs
Economic policies
In economic terms, Wilson's first three years in office were dominated by a futile effort to avoid devaluation of the pound. He inherited a deficit unusually large foreign trade balance. This partly reflects the previous fiscal, the entire government in the context of the 1964 election, Wilson and the new team strengthened fiscal policy in response. Many British economists advocate devaluation, but Wilson refused, would be partly for fear that the work that had been devalued and the pound sterling in 1949, became the label as "the party of devaluation."
After a battle expensive, market pressures have forced the government devaluation in 1967. Wilson was widely criticized for having a show in which he assured listeners that "the book in your pocket "had not lost its value. It has largely forgotten that the phrase of the day," prices will rise. "Economic performance has shown some improvement after the devaluation, which economists had forecast. The devaluation, austerity measures managed to restore accompanying the surplus in the balance of payments in 1969. However, the unexpected in a small deficit again in 1970. Poor figures were released just before the vote the 1970 elections, in general, and is often cited as one of the reasons for the defeat of the Labour Party.
One of the main issues Wilson's economic approach has been strengthened to emphasize on "economic indicative planning." He created a new Department of Economic Affairs to generate ambitious goals they have are expected to help stimulate investment and growth. The government also created a Ministry of Technology (abbreviated Mintech) to support the modernization of industry. Although now the fashion, faith in this approach is not limited when Partyilson the work rests on foundations that were established by their predecessors Conservatives, in the form of, for example, the National Council of economy (known as "Neddy") and its regional counterparts (the "Nedder little").
Harold and Mary Wilson, Richard and Pat Nixon in the White House in 1970.
The importance of nationalization industry (a center of government program of post-war Labour) was a key point of contention in the labor market infighting in the early 1950's and early 1960. Wilson's predecessor as leader, Hugh Gaitskell, had tried in 1960 to address the controversy over the head with a proposal to delete Section Four (Public property clause) of the constitution of the party, but was forced to descend. Wilson has taken a more subtle feature. Pulled the bony part of left with symbolic re-nationalization of the steel industry, but otherwise formally, Clause Four in the Constitution but in practice, on the plateau. Wilson made periodic attempts to reduce inflation through a wage-price control, better known in the UK "Prices and Incomes Policy" (as in the indicative plan, as now generally controlshough favorere widely adopted at that time by governments different ideological complexions, including the Nixon administration in the U.S.). Partly as a result of this dependency, the government tends to be repeatedly injected major industrial disputes, with "late night of beer and snacks at number ten" the culmination of almost routine these episodes. Among the many most damaging strikes during periods of office, Wilson was arrested six weeks by the National Union of Seamen, and began shortly after the re-election Wilson in 1966, and led, he says, by "political motivated."
With mounting public frustration with the strike Wilson's government in 1969 proposed a series of changes to the legal basis of relations (labor law) in the United Kingdom, described in a "White Paper Place Struggles' work advanced by Secretary Barbara Castle. After a confrontation with Congress, however, strongly opposed the proposals, internal dissension and Interior Minister James Callaghan, the government backed off substantially from their intentions. Some elements of these changes have since then resumed (In modified form) in the Premiership of Margaret Thatcher.
Wilson administration made a series of tax changes. Largely under the influence of Hungarian-born economist, Nicholas Kaldor and Thomas Balogh, a unique "Selective Employment Tax (SET) was presented which was designed to use tax in the service sector, while subsidizing employment in the manufacturing sector (the justification given by the economist authors derive largely of claims about economies of scale and technological progress, but Wilson said in his memoirs the potential revenue from this tax.) SET did not survive long return of a conservative government. short-term profit is more important capital (CGT) was introduced for the first time in the United Kingdom on April 6, 1965.
Social issues
Wilson's first term in office has seen a series of social reforms, including abolishing the death penalty decriminalization of sex between men in private, the liberalization of abortion laws and the abolition of censorship of the theater. The Divorce Reform Act was approved by parliament in 1969 (which entered into force in 1971). These reforms have been mostly through private member's bill free vote in accordance with established convention, but most most of the work after 1966 was probably more open to these changes had been previous Parliaments. The government has effectively supported the passage of these bills, giving them the necessary parliamentary time. It is more or less made people more equal.
Wilson personal, cultural before a maverick provincial average, showed no particular enthusiasm for much of this program (including some linked to the 'permissive society '), But the climate reform was particularly encouraged by Roy Jenkins in the Ministry of Interior.
Wilson 1966-1970 term was the growing public concern about the level of immigration in the United Kingdom. The issue was dramatized in the political arena by the famous "Rivers of Blood speech" by the Conservative politician Enoch Powell warned against the dangers of immigration, which led to the dismissal of staff in the shadow of Powell. Wilson's government adopted a dual strategy. Condemning all racial discrimination (and to introduce legislation to make it a violation of the law), Wilson House Secretary James Callaghan presented significant new restrictions on immigration law in the United Kingdom.
Educational Policies
Education held a special meaning for a generation of socialists Wilson for his role in two forms that are open to children of the working class and the United Kingdom of reaping the potential benefits of scientific progress. Wilson quickly followed by the creation of new universities, according to the recommendations Robbins Report, a bipartisan policy already in place when the Labour Party came to power. Ay, economic difficulties of the Tertiary period of system resources private. However, the expansion of the university has maintained a policy base. An important effect was the first entry of women in higher education in large quantities.
Wilson also deserves credit for grasping the concept of an open university, to give adults who had failed to higher education a second chance to study part-time and distance. Political participation includes assigning responsibilities for implementation the Baroness Jennie Lee, the widow of Aneurin Bevan, the charismatic leader of the Labour left wing who joined at Wilson resigned from the Attlee cabinet.
Wilson's record in secondary education, however, controversial. A fuller description can be found in the article in England education. Two factors played a role. Following the Education Act 1944, there was dissatisfaction with the tripartite system of secondary education school focuses on a small proportion of "gifted" children, and technical and secondary modern schools for most children. Pressure has increased for the abolition of the selective principle "once more" and complete the replacement of schools that serve the full range of children (see Article on Debates Grammar School). education has become the heart of the Labour Party.
Labour pressed authorities to convert local grammar schools, many of them valued local institutions, in understanding. Large-scale continuous conversion during the Heath Conservative government later, although the Secretary of State, Margaret Thatcher, has concluded restricting local governments to convert. Although the stated aim was to school quality, many felt that the grammar school excellence has been sacrificed with little to show in the way of improvement of other schools. Criticism of the disability application economic austerity means that schools have never received sufficient funding.
A second factor that affects education has been the change in teacher education, including the introduction of "progressive" child-centered methods, hated by many homeowners. At the same time, the profession has become increasingly politicized. The situation of education has suffered and is still recovering.
The issue became a priority for the former education secretary, Margaret Thatcher when she came to power as prime minister in 1979.
Another big controversy of the first period Wilson was the decision that the government failed to fulfill its long-term promise to raise the compulsory school age to 16 by Due necessary investments in infrastructure such as classrooms and teachers. Baroness Jennie Lee plans to resign as a protest sign, but very little against this decision in the interest of party unity. It was left to Margaret Thatcher to changes in the Heath government.
In 1966, Wilson was created the first Chancellor New University of Bradford, where he served until 1985.
Foreign Affairs
Europe
Wilson, West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard.
Among the most difficult policy dilemmas Wilson faced during his two terms in government and two opposition newspapers before 1964 and between 1970 and 1974 was the question of British membership Common Market, the EU was then known. An attempted entry was posted in July 1961 by the Macmillan government, and negotiated by Edward Heath as Lord Privy Seal, but was vetoed in 1963 by French President Charles de Gaulle. The opposition Labour Party were divided on the issue, with former party leader Gaitskell Hugh in 1962 have emerged in opposition to Britain joining the Community.
After beginning to doubt the question, Wilson's government in May 1967 the second application filed in the United Kingdom join the EC, as it is called now. Like the first, however, was vetoed by De Gaulle in November this year.
After his election victory in 1970 (and helped by the fall of General de Gaulle from power in 1969), the new Prime Minister Edward Heath negotiated British entry to the European Community together with Denmark and Ireland in 1973. The opposition Labour Party remained deeply divided on the issue, and risked a major split. main opponents of the members included Richard Crossman, who has spent two years (1970-72), editor of the magazine New Statesman, this time the leading newspaper of the center-left weekly, which published many controversies in support of his anti-CE. The most important supporters Labour member was Roy Jenkins.
Wilson showed the opposition political ingenuity in developing a position both sides of the agreement could not be opposed to the conditions negotiated by Heath, but supported in principle. 1974 Labour manifesto includes a promise to renegotiate the terms Membership in Britain, then hold a referendum on whether to remain in the EC on the new conditions. It was a constitutional process without unprecedented in British history.
After Wilson's return to power renegotiations with members of Great Britain colleagues CE have been made by Wilson himself along with Foreign Secretary James Callaghan, and visited the capitals of Europe to meet with their European counterparts (about of [who?] Commentators have suggested that their cooperation in this exercise have been the source of a close relationship between the two men who claimed to have helped a smooth transition when Wilson retired from the office). Discussions focused on the UK's net contribution to EU budget. As a small farmer depends heavily on imports, the United Kingdom has suffered a double domination:
(I) agricultural expenditure in the budget CE,
(Ii) agricultural import taxes as a revenue source of the EC.
During the renegotiation of the other members of the ERC recognized as partial compensation, the creation of a large European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), which is clearly agreed that the UK is the largest net recipient.
During the referendum campaign, rather than the British tradition normal collective responsibility, which the government takes a principled position that all cabinet members are required to publicly support, government members are free to present their views on each side of the issue. The referendum was validly June 5, 1975, and the proposed new membership was adopted by a substantial majority
Asia
Before the U.S. military intervention in Vietnam intensified after the Tonkin resolution in 1964. President Lyndon Johnson pressed for at least a symbolic contribution of British military units of the Vietnam War. Wilson always avoided any commitment of British forces. His government has paid lip service to the U.S. position (Usually in defense offered by the Foreign Secretary Michael Stewart in a highly publicized "teach-in" or the debate over Vietnam). At least in one day, the British government made an unsuccessful attempt to mediate the conflict. On June 28, 1966 disassociate "Wilson government of cities in the U.S. bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong. In his memoirs, Wilson wrote a bum steer Elling LBJ a reference to Johnson's Texas roots, evoking images of cows and cowboys in the British mind. Wilson's approach maintaining close relations with the United States while pursuing a separate line in Vietnam has attracted new interest in light of the different approach taken by the government Blair vis-a-vis the British involvement in the war in Iraq (2003).
Since the Second World War, the British presence in the Far East had been gradually exhausted. The former British colonies, including the defense provided much of the justification for the British military presence in the region moved towards independence under British rule from both sides. Successive UK governments also realized the cost to the Treasury and keeping the economy the main forces abroad (At the same time, several development plans for strategic weapons were abandoned for reasons of cost, example, the Blue Streak TSR2 aircraft and missiles). In 1967, following a review of the defense made by Defence Secretary Denis Healey, Wilson announced that Britain withdraw ast its military forces from major bases in Suez, mainly in Malaysia, Singapore and Aden. Although criticized in the right media at the time, later long term, the decision can be considered a logical consequence of the withdrawal of the commitments of the British colonial policy and military in Asia, Middle East Africa and elsewhere, which was under British rule of the two parties since the Second Warnd parallel switch with a British accent to their European identity.
Wilson was known for his strong pro-Israeli points of view. There was a particular friend of Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, although his time in office coincided largely with Wilson 19701974 hiatus. Another partner was the German chancellor Willy Brandt, the three were members of the Socialist International.
Africa
In 1960, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan made his speech to the wind of change in the South African Parliament in Cape Town. This independence announced to many former British colonies in Africa. etreat British Empire had made great progress in 1964 and was to continue in the Wilson administration. However, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland came to present serious problems.
Federation was established in 1953 and was an amalgam of protectorates of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland and the colony of Southern Rhodesia. After the struggles for independence, the Federation was dissolved in 1963 and states of Zambia and Malawi became independent. However, the colony of Southern Rhodesia, which had been the economic engine of the Federation has not acceded to independence, especially the regime in power. The colony in southern Africa bordered and his government was heavily influenced by the apartheid regime then led by Hendrik Verwoerd. Wilson refused to grant independence to the white minority government of Rhodesia, led by Prime Minister Ian Smith, who has been reluctant to extend their political influence for the indigenous population of Africa, not to mention the award of the majority.
Smith defiant answer was a declaration UDI, to coincide with Armistice 11:00 11 November 1965, an attempt to gain support from the United Kingdom remind people of the contribution of the colony the war effort (Smith himself had been a pilot of Spitfire). Smith was personally vilified in the British media. Wilson was an immediate appeal to the United Nations, and in 1965, the Security Council has imposed sanctions, which would last until formal independence in 1979. The British warships involved blocking Beira port to try to provoke an economic collapse in Rhodesia. Wilson was applauded by most countries to adopt a firm position on the issue (and not extend diplomatic recognition of the Smith regime). A number of countries that have not adhered to the sanctions, which compromises their effectiveness. Some sectors public opinion began to question its effectiveness, and demand the overthrow by force. Wilson, however, refused to intervene in Rhodesia with military force, taking into account the population of the United Kingdom would not support such action against their "Parents and friends." The two leaders met to discuss the board British warships, the Tigre in 1966 and 1968 Fearless. Smith subsequently attacked Wilson's memoirs, accusing him of delaying tactics in negotiations and duplicity based, Wilson responded in kind, questioning the bona fide Smith and suggests that Smith had moved the goal every time a solution appeared in sight. The issue remained unresolved at the time of Wilson's resignation in 1976.
Elsewhere in Africa, problems development in Nigeria, caused by the country's ethnic diversity and the wealth generated by the emerging oil industry. Wilson's government had no desire to interfere in the internal affairs of a Commonwealth member country and with the support of the government of General Yakubu Gowon during the Nigerian civil war of 19,671,970.
election defeat and the opposition
In 1969, the Working Group has been suffering a severe electoral setback. In May 1970, most Wilson responded to an apparent recovery in the popularity of his government by calling a general election, but to the surprise of observers, was defeated in elections by Edward Heath's Conservatives.
Wilson survived as leader of the Labour party in opposition. Economic conditions during the 1970's have been increasingly difficult for the United Kingdom and many other Western economies, and the Heath government in turn has been plagued by difficulties economic and industrial disputes (including, without confrontation with the coal miners.)
second term as prime minister (19741976)
When work has won more seats than the Conservatives in February 1974, Heath was unable to form a coalition, Wilson returned to 10 Downing Street, Monday, March 4, 1974 as prime minister of a Labour minority government. Won a majority in another election later in October 1974. One of the key topics discussed during the second period in power was the referendum on British membership of the EEC (see Europe, above).
Northern Ireland
In the 1960's, the previous government had attended Wilson outbreak of unrest in Northern Ireland. In response to a request from the Stormont government, the government agreed to deploy the British army in an effort to maintain peace.
Outside the office in the fall of 1971, Wilson made a 16-point program that was designed 15 years to pave the way for the unification of Ireland. The proposal was welcomed in principle by the Heath government in time, but never implemented.
In May 1974, at the office, Wilson has condemned the Ulster Unionist controlled workers' strike as a "sectarian attack" which is "made for non- sectarian related to this century, but only in the seventeenth century. "But he refused to pressure a reluctant British army to deal with loyalist paramilitaries have been intimidating the public service workers. In a televised speech later, he spoke of "loyalist" strikers and their supporters as a "free rider" Britain expected to pay for your lifestyle. The strike was finally able to break the sharing executive in Northern Ireland.
On September 11, 2008, BBC Radio Four, said they discovered a paper airplane Secret – codenamed Doomsday – which aims to cut all ties constitutional Northern Ireland and to transform the province into an independent territory. Document went on to state that the doomsday plan was designed primarily for Wilson and a closely guarded secret. The plan would have lost its momentum, in part because they said, the warnings given by the minister, outside in time, James Callaghan, and Prime Minister about its sustainability.
Resignation
On March 16, 1976, Wilson was surprised the country by announcing his resignation as prime minister (from April 5, 1976). He said he always intended to resign at age sixty, and I was exhausted physically and mentally. In late 1960, had told close, like your doctor Sir Joseph Stone (later Lord Stone of Hendon), he had no intended to serve more than eight or nine years as Prime Minister. Roy Jenkins suggested that Wilson may have been motivated in part by the disgust felt policy by his wife and faithful long-suffering Mary. Beyond that, 1976, and was aware of the early stages of the disease of early onset Alzheimer's, which was to provoke of both his memory and his ex-great power concentration will not spectacular.
Flag League Rievaulx Wilson Lord, Chapel Jesus College, Oxford
Queen Elizabeth II went to dinner at 10 Downing Street to mark his resignation, an honor bestowed only in another chief minister, Sir Winston Churchill (although she has a dinner invitation from Downing Street Tony Blair, who celebrates his 80 birthday).
Honors resignation of Prime Minister Wilson, including many businessmen and celebrities, and political supporters. Your choice of his appointment has caused lasting damage to his reputation, compounded by the suggestion that the first draft of the list was written by Marcia Williams on lavender paper (which became known as the "Lavender List"). Roy Jenkins notes that the withdrawal of Wilson "has been marred by it, the best retirement awards, eccentric who gave titles of nobility or knighthood bold business gentlemen, many came to him or to the Working Group. "Some of the honorees included Wilson Lord Kagan, the inventor of Gannex, finally was imprisoned for fraud, and Sir Eric Miller, who then killed himself while under police investigation for corruption.
Six candidates ran in the first ballot to replace him, so vote: Michael Foot, James Callaghan, Roy Jenkins, Tony Benn, Denis Healey and Anthony Crosland. In the third ballot, April 05, Callaghan defeated in a Parliament vote of 176-137, making Wilson's successor as prime minister and Labour leader.
As Wilson wanted to be a member after leaving office, he was not given the nobility usually immediately available to retired Prime Ministers, but it created a Knight of the Garter. Leaving the House of Commons in 1983 was created Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, Rievaulx Abbey later in the north of his native Yorkshire.
last years and death
A lifelong fan of Gilbert and Sullivan in 1975, Wilson joined the board of the Foundation D'Oyly Carte at the invitation of Sir Hugh Wontner, who was then the mayor of London.
Shortly after Wilson's retirement, his mental deterioration of Alzheimer's disease began to occur, and do not appear in public after 1988 when it was discovered Clement Attlee's statue to Limehouse Library. He was diagnosed with colon cancer in 1985, and died ten years later with her in May 1995 at the age of 79.
His funeral took place in Westminster Abbey, July 13, 1995.
He is buried in Old St. Mary's Church, St. Mary's in the Isles of Scilly. His epitaph is Tempus Imperator Rerum (Time All commands of things).
Political "style"
Wilson is considered a "common man" and has done much to promote this image in contrast to the stereotype itself conservative aristocracy that had preceded him. Features of this image includes work Gannex waterproof your man, his pipe (But in private he smoked cigars), his love of cooking simple and overuse of the popular British sauce, HP sauce, "its support for football team in your city home, Huddersfield, and his emphasis of the working class Yorkshire. Avoid continental holidays, returns every summer with his family to the Isles of Scilly. His first victory General election was based largely on a combination of these attributes with his feet on the ground with a sense of urgency that the UK needed to improve, after "thirteen years of conservative rule wrong ….". These features have been exaggerated satirical column in Private Eye, "Mrs. Wilson's Diary."
Wilson explains his populist touch in 1965 when the Beatles were awarded the MBE. (These awards are formally awarded by Queen, but are appointed by the Prime Minister at the time.) The price has been popular among young people and contributed to the feeling that the Prime Minister was "In touch" with the younger generation. There were protests from conservatives or more members of the army, which were once recipients of the award but the protesters as they were in the minority. Critics claimed that Wilson acted to solicit votes for the upcoming general elections (which took place less than a year later), but advocates note that since the voting age at the time he was 21, was unlikely to affect many Beatles fans in this time were mostly teenagers. However, the concrete image of Wilson as a modernist leaders and pride have been linked to growth in the "New Britain" characterized by the Beatles. Wilson mentions the Beatles rather negative, naming him and his opponent Edward Heath, the George Harrison song "Taxman" the first game of 1966 Revolverecorded and published after the MBE.
A year later, in 1967, Wilson had an interaction different with a musical group. He sued the pop group The Move for libel after the band's manager Tony Secunda published a promotional postcard for the single "Flowers In The Rain" with a caricature of Wilson in his bed with his assistant, Marcia Williams (later Baroness Falkender). Gossip Savage had alluded to a relationship abuse, but these rumors were never proven. Wilson won the case, et toutes les redevances of the chanson (par composee chef Move Roy Wood) ont été à attribués perpétuité à a la Charité du choix de Wilson.
Wilson had a knack for memorable phrases. He coined the term "Selsdon Man" to describe anti-interventionist policies of the Conservative Party leader Edward Heath, developed a policy of retreat at the Hotel Selsdon Park in early 1970. This phrase, intended to evoke the "primitive survival" qualities of anthropological discoveries such as Piltdown Man and Swanscombe man, was part of a British political tradition of referring to political trends adding "the man." Another famous phrase is "A week is a long time in politics." This means that political fortunes can change very quickly other memorable phrases attributed to Wilson include "heat White technological revolution [] "And his comments after the 1967 devaluation of the book:" This does not mean that the pound here in Britain in your pocket or bag is not less ….", now often referred to as "pocket books."
Reputation
Despite his success and popularity on time, Harold Wilson's reputation has yet to fully recover from the low tide reached immediately after first minister second. Some accuse him of cheating also, some argue that not enough has been done to modernize the Labour Party's policy positions on issues as the respective roles of the reform of state and market and industrial relations. This argument, in part blame Wilson for civil unrest in the decade of 1970 (Great Britain during the winter of discontent), and electoral success of the Conservative Party and by virtue of Article 18. Proponents say that Wilson's own management was working (on issues such as nationalization, Europe and Vietnam), which has allowed some other bad mood to remain united politically and govern. In both cases, the co-existence will not long survive his leadership, and factions that followed have greatly contributed to the electoral weakness of the Labour Party in the 1980's. Best Reinvention Labour Party will have the part of two decades, in the hands of Neil Kinnock, John Smith andlectorally more conclusive – Tony Blair.
In 1964, while Wilson took office, the informed opinion of current (in all major political parties, academia and the media, etc) heavily promoted class of technocrats, "indicative planning" approach that Wilson had tried to implement. radical reforms based on market finally adopted by Margaret Thatcher, was in the mid 1960's held that a "margin" of fans (as the latter lead influential Institute of Economic Affairs), and had almost no representation at senior levels, including the Conservative Party. Fifteen years later, disillusionment with Britain weak economic performance and labor relations problems, along with active outreach personalities such as Sir Keith Joseph, had contributed to a radical policy agenda viable market for Margaret Thatcher (which in turn influence the direction of future work, especially Tony Blair). Assuming Wilson could have taken a line in late 1960 or early 1970 is realistic, however, like almost all politicians, Wilson has been mostly dedicated to work (sometimes cleverly and successfully sometimes not) with the ideas that were in the air at the time.
Debate on the graphics and conspiracy theories
Main article: Harold Wilson conspiracy theories
MI5 plots?
In 1963, the Soviet defector Anatoliy Golitsyn had secretly claimed that Wilson was a KGB agent. Most intelligence officers do not believe Golitsyn was a deserter, but a really significant number (most prominently James Jesus Angleton, the CIA Deputy Director cons U.S. intelligence intelligence (CIA) and factional strife broke out between the two groups. The book (a statement by MI5) Spycatcher claimed that MI5 agents 30 and then worked in an attempt to undermine Wilson. The author Peter Wright (a former member of MI5) later claimed that the black was 30 when he wrote he wanted 3. Many of Wright's claims are controversial, and a ministerial statement said an internal investigation found no evidence to support the allegations.
Several other voices beyond Wright made allegations of "dirty tricks" by members of the intelligence services against Wilson while in power. In March 1987, James Miller, a former MI5 agent, it is claimed that MI5 had encouraged workers to strike Ulster General Council in 1974 to destabilize the Wilson government. See also: Walter Walker and David Stirling. In July 1987, the Labour MP Ken Livingstone used his maiden speech to raise the 1975 allegations a former army officer in Northern Ireland Issues, Colin Wallace, who also claimed a conspiracy to undermine Wilson. Chris Mullin, MP, speaking on November 23 1988, argued that other sources of Peter Wright supported the claim of the long attempt by the intelligence services (MI5) to undermine the Wilson government.
A program of the BBC The Plot Against Harold Wilson broadcast in 2006, reported that on the tapes shortly after his resignation for health reasons, Wilson said that for eight months his prime minister did not "feel he knew what was going on, fully, in security." Wilson alleged two plots in the 1960 mid- 1970 respectively. He said the plans had been hatched to install Lord Louis Mountbatten, uncle, Prince Charles and his mentor, Prime Minister (See also conspiracy theories, below). He also said that former military officers has been created private armies in predicting the "liquidation national total. "
In the documentary, some of the arguments of Wilson received partial confirmation in interviews with former officers intelligence and others who said that on two occasions in terms of Wilson in the office, there was talk of a possible coup to take over the government.
On a separate track elements also MI5, the BBC reported, the dissemination of "black propaganda" that Wilson and Williams agents have been Soviet, and that Wilson was a supporter of the IRA, apparently with the intention of helping the Conservatives win the 1974 elections.
In 2009, the defense of the kingdom, the history of MI5 allowed by Christopher Andrew, MI5 said that if Wilson had a record since 1945, when he became a communist deputy, because officials said they had similar political sympathies were spying on your home or office, and no plot against him.
Other conspiracy theories
Richard Hough in 1980 his biography of Mountbatten, Mountbatten, said he actually addressed during the 1960's as part of a plan to install a government "emergency" instead of the Wilson administration. The approach was made by Cecil Harmsworth King, President of International Publishing Corporation (IBC), which published the Daily Mirror. Hough bases his account on interviews with the mirror for a long time editor Hugh Cudlipp, supplemented by memories scientist Solly Zuckerman and Mountbatten valet, William Evans. Mountbatten Cudlipp prepared to meet King May 8, 1968. King had loved to play a central role in politics, and had personal grudges against Wilson (including Wilson's refusal to deliver to King County King inherited coveted). He had already failed a previous attempt to replace Wilson with James Callaghan. With Britain's continuing economic problems and conflicts office in the 1960's, the king was convinced that Wilson's government was heading toward collapse. Mountbatten thought, like Royal, and former Chief of Defence Staff would have public support as the leader of an undemocratic country "emergency" government. Mountbatten insisted that his friend, Zuckerman, be present (Zuckerman said he was invited to participate by Mountbatten's son-in-law, Lord Brabourne, who cares King Mountbatten astray). The King asked Mountbatten would willing to head an emergency government. Zuckerman said the idea was treachery and Mountbatten in turn pushes Rey. He did not, however, appear to have said the focus Downing Street.
The question of the seriousness of a threat to democracy may have existed during these years is cause point every key issue that result would have been willing to go beyond complaints against the government (or spread rumors) actively unconstitutional measures. Cecil King himself was an inveterate conspirator, but an inept actor on the political scene. Perhaps significantly, when the king wrote a strong editorial against Wilson by Daily Mirror, two days after his failed meeting with Mountbatten, the unanimous reaction of the directors of the CIA has been to fire him with immediate effect as president. More fundamentally, Denis Healey, who served six years as Wilson, Secretary of State for Defence, said that serving officers senior British army was not prepared to overthrow a constitutionally elected Government.
After his resignation, own threat perceptions Wilson might well have been exacerbated by the onset of Alzheimer's disease, has its inherent tendency may have been driven chariness by some in their environment, including Marcia Williams. He has shared with George HW Bush's surprise when the director of the CIA, the fear that some of the portraits in the number 10 Downing Street (especially the portraits of Gladstone in the Cabinet Room) concealed listening devices for discussion of errors. Files published on June 1, 2005 show Wilson was concerned that, while in the Isles of Scilly, which was seen by Russian ships disguised as trawlers. MI5 found no evidence of that, but I said no using a walkie-talkie.
Wilson government has taken strong measures against the controversial so-called "church" of Scientology in 1967, banning foreign Scientologists in the UK, a ban that remained in force until 1980. In response, L. Ron Hubbard, founder of Scientology, Wilson accused of being in cahoots with Soviet Russia and an international conspiracy of psychiatrists and financiers. Wilson, Minister of Health, Kenneth Robinson, and then won a defamation suit against the Scientologists and Hubbard.
first government of Harold Wilson in October 1964 06 1970
Publication of the Council of Ministers
Prime Minister Harold Wilson
First Secretary George Brown and Secretary of State for Economic Affairs
Lord Chancellor, Lord Gardiner
Lord Of Council President Herbert Bowden
Lord Longford Lord Privy Seal
James Callaghan Minister of Finance
Patrick Gordon Walker, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
Lord Frank Soskice Secretary of State for Interior
Fred Peart Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Anthony Greenwood – Minister of State for the Colonies
Arthur Bottomley Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
Secretary of State for Defence Denis Healey
Michael Stewart, Secretary of State for Education and Science
Richard Crossman The Minister of Housing and Local
Barbara Castillo Minister for Overseas Development
Minister of Labour Ray Gunter
Douglas Houghton Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Minister Frederick Lee Power
Secretary of State for Scotland, William Ross
Frank Cousins technology minister
Jay Douglas President of the Chamber of Commerce
Transport Minister Thomas Fraser
Jim Griffiths Secretary of State for Wales
Margaret Herbison Minister of Pensions and Social Security
Changes
January 1965 Michael Patrick Stewart succeeds Gordon Walker, Minister of Foreign Affairs. Anthony Crosland success as secretary Stewart of Education.
Barbara Castle in December 1965 succeeded Thomas Fraser as Minister of Transport. Anthony Castillo happened Greenwood as Minister of Overseas Development. Lord Longford success Greenwood as Colonial Secretary. Sir Frank Soskice succeeds Lord Longford as Lord Privy Seal. Roy Jenkins success Soskice as Interior Minister.
Lord Longford in April 1966 succeeded Sir Frank Soskice as Lord Privy Seal. Frederick Lee has Longford success as colonial secretary. Richard Marsh gets Lee and Minister of Energy. Douglas Houghton resigns as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. His successor is not in the cabinet. Cledwyn Hughes succeeds Jim Griffiths as Welsh secretary.
July 1966 Tony Benn success Frank Cousins as Minister of Technology.
After returning to work in August 1966
Minister Harold Wilsonrime
Michael Stewart First Secretary of State and Secretary of State for Economic Affairs
Lord Chancellor, Lord Gardiner
Richard Crossman – Lord President of Council
Lord Longford Lord Privy Seal
James Callaghan Chancellor of the Exchequer
George Brown, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
Roy Jenkins – Secretary of State for Interior
Fred Peart Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Herbert Bowden Minister of State for Commonwealth Affairs
Secretary of State for Defence Denis Healey
Anthony Crosland Secretary of State for Education and Science
Anthony Greenwood, Minister of Housing and Local
Arthur Bottomley Minister for Overseas Development
The Minister of Labour Ray Gunter
Minister Richard Marsh Energy
Secretary of State William Ross Scotland
Minister of Technology Tony Benn
Douglas Jay – President of the Commercial Chamber
Minister of Transport Barbara Castillo
Wales Secretary Hughes Cledwyn
Changes
January 1967 Lord Shackleton and Patrick Gordon Walker enter the cabinet as ministers without portfolio.
August 1967 Pedro Costa replaces Michael Stewart Secretary of State economy. Stewart is the first secretary of state. Thomson succeeds Herbert George Bowden Secretary of the Commonwealth. Anthony Crosland success as President Douglas Jay Chamber of Commerce. Patrick Gordon Walker Anthony Crosland success as secretary of education. Arthur Bottomley, Minister for Overseas Development, is leaving the company. His successor in that office is not in the cabinet.
Roy Jenkins succeeds in November 1967 James Callaghan as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Callaghan Jenkins réussite comme ministre de l'Intérieur
January 1968 Lord Shackleton get Lord Longford as Lord Privy Seal.
After the realignment, April 1968
Prime Minister Harold Wilson
First Secretary of State Barbara Castle, Secretary of State for Employment and productivity
Lord Gardiner – Lord Chancellor
Council President Richard Crossman
Fred Peart Lord Privy Seal
Roy Jenkins, Minister Finance
Peter Shore, Secretary of State for Economic Affairs
Secretary Michael Stewart, of State for Foreign Affairs
Secretary of State James Callaghan for the Ministry of Interior
Cledwyn Hughes Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
George Thomson Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs
Secretary of State for Defence Denis Healey
Edward Short, Secretary of State for Education and Science
Anthony Greenwood, Minister of Housing and Local
Minister of Labour Ray Gunter
Ray Gunter Minister Power
William Ross, Secretary of State for Scotland
Minister of Technology Tony Benn
Anthony Crosland President of the Chamber of Commerce
Transport Minister Richard Marsh
Secretary Thomas George Wales
Paymaster General Lord Shackleton
Changes
July 1968 Roy Mason succeeds Ray Gunter as Minister of Energy.
October-November 1968 Fred Peart success as President Richard Crossman Lord. Lord Shackleton get Fred Peart, Lord Privy Seal. Judith Shackleton succeeded Hart as the payer. The offices of the Foreign and Commonwealth merge, with Michael Stewart as Foreign Minister and the Commonwealth. Jack Diamond, the Secretary General Finance, enters the Cabinet. The position of Secretary of State Services Social is created, with Richard Crossman as Secretary. George Thomson enters the cabinet as minister without portfolio.
Anthony Greenwood in October 1969, the Minister of Housing and Local Government Community, left the firm. Thomson George became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Anthony Crosland, became the secretary of state for local planning. Roy Mason succeeds Crosland as President of the Chamber of Commerce. His previous position as Minister of Energy has been deleted. Harold lever success as Paymaster General Judith Hart. Richard Marsh resigns as transport minister. His successor is not in the cabinet.
second Harold Wilson's government in March 1974 April 1976
Harold Wilson – Prime Minister
Lord Elwyn-Jones – Lord Chancellor
Edward Lord President of the Council – short
Pastor Lord – Lord Stamp Private
Denis Healey – Chancellor of the Exchequer
James Callaghan – Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Roy Jenkins – Minister of Interior
Fred Peart – Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Roy Mason – Secretary of State for Defence
Reginald Prentice – Secretary of State for Education and Science
Michael Foot – Secretary of State for Employment
Eric Varley – Secretary of State Energy
Anthony Crosland – Secretary of State for Environment
Barbara Castle – Secretary of State for Health and Social Security
Tony Benn – Secretary of State for Industry
Harold Lever – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Secretary of State for Northern Ireland – Merlyn Rees
William Ross – Secretary of State for Scotland
Secretary of State and Consumer Price – Shirley Williams
Pedro Costa – Secretary of State for Trade
John Morris – Secretary of State for Wales
Robert Mellish – Chief Whip
Changes
October 1974 – John Silkin while working on the Secretary of State for Environment enters the cabinet as Minister of Planning and Local Government.
June 1975 – Fred Mulley success Reginald Prentice as Secretary for Education and Science. Prentice became Secretary for Overseas Development. Tony Benn Eric Varley as Secretary success Energy. Varley success Benn as Secretary of Industry.
Titles from birth to death
Harold Wilson, Esq (11 March 19161 January 1945)
Harold Wilson, Esq, OBE (January 1,194,526 July 1945)
Harold Wilson, Esq, OBE, Member of Parliament (July 26 194 529 September 1947)
The Right Honourable Harold Wilson, OBE, MP (29 September 19 476 12 1969)
The Right Honourable Harold Wilson, OBE, FRS, MP (December 6 196 923 April 1976)
The Right Honourable Sir Harold Wilson, KG, OBE, FRS, Member of Parliament (23 April 19 769 June 1983)
The Right Honourable Sir Harold Wilson, KG, OBE, FRS (September 9, 1983 June16)
The Right Honourable Lord Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (September 16 198 324 05 1995)
Wilson on TV
Shortly after his resignation as Prime Minister Wilson was David Frost signed a series of interviews and chat show programs. The pilot episode proved a failure as Wilson appeared comfortable with the informality of the format.
Wilson also hosted two editions of BBC chat show Friday night, Saturday morning. He got into the role of celebrities, and in 2000, Channel 4 has been chosen as one of the 100 TV Moments from Hell.
In 1978, Harold Wilson, appeared on the Morecambe and Wise Christmas Special. Eric Morecambe in the habit of appearing not to recognize the guest stars have been repaid by Wilson, who spoke to him through "Morry" Camby (Slurred speech Moreno's name is Ed Sullivan – who read the cue-card ads – when the couple appeared in popular American television program).
The journalist and host Francis Wheen scripted a drama for BBC Four The 2006 list of lavender, a fictionalized account of the Wilson administration, of 197,476. Kenneth Cranham played Wilson, Gina McKee Marcia Williams and Celia Imrie plays a role in supporting the role of Wilson's wife. The game focused the relationship between Wilson and Williams and his conflict with the press in Downing Joe Haines Street.
Also in 2006, The Plot Against Harold Wilson broadcast on BBC Two on Thursday, March 16. The tragedy of detailed evidence unprecedented corrupt elements of MI5 and the British military conspiracy to carry by the Labour government, said Wilson, of being a Soviet spy. Harold Wilson was played by James Boland.
Back in 2006, Wilson was portrayed by Robert Pugh in the Channel 4 drama Longford, which describes life Lord Longford. In one scene, Wilson was seen Longford fire his cabinet in 1968, partly due to negative publicity he has received for his public campaign to support the Moors murderer Myra Hindley.
Trivia
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