Theoretical approaches to learning art
Theoretical approaches to learning art
"Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows. "
Picasso
As education leaders, it is our duty to improve the learning theories we learn throughout our experiences teaching our children that Picasso put so he could keep his mind and continue to being artists for the rest of their lives. Art is "the use of the skills and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments or experiences that can be share with others, "according to Britannica Online. The art in the broadest sense is the only issue that has remained closest to the meaning in Latin, means roughly "skill" or "trade" and Indo-European root meaning "agree" or "organizing." The purpose of this article is to explore the applications of eight to ten theories and used to teach arts education to explain how information created in the womb, may transfer and apply the arts education program, evaluating the pros and cons of each theory of the arts.
Theories
In the 21 st century educational system of the United States of America is in a process of change, which is the merger and integration of new curricula, theories and programs in the system. All programs are created focus on minority students, women and students who have demonstrated one way or one that is likely not to have the conditions for success in the educational system. However, the techniques necessary for teachers to interact with students also has been the evolution of writing to write books, computers, blackboards, whiteboards, conference teamwork.
Philosopher, educator John Dewey suggested that Americans face a choice between teaching in accordance with society and society based on education. . . . Democracy requires that citizens and requires develop their ability to interpret, understand and analyze the knowledge, and effectively communicate information, ideas and concepts. (Romanowski, 2006, 9A)
However, theories are not permanent. They change because of our needs, culture and beliefs realistic or accurate explanation of what is truth and purpose of education (P. 4). This may be due to a theory that was initiated and Lecompte (1999) is "how we organize and explain the world we live" (p. 3). Throughout the history, our social and cultural beliefs influenced the educational system with a range of social theories, including but not limited to functionalism, Marxism, interpretivism and post-modernism, which have also influenced the art. Geertz (1998) states that "these approaches place great emphasis on the presentation of the" multiple voices "Of all participants – especially the less powerful participants, including women, members of minority groups, and students (beginning and LeCompte, 1999, p. 38). In other words, art education, teaching science, mathematics and general knowledge are important for all people, regardless of sex, age, ethnicity or social status. Learning theories used in schools today are not limited to social learning theory, behaviorism, cognitive dissonance, the theory of contiguity, cooperative learning, Gardner, Piaget, situated learning, Skinner, Vygotsky, Weiner, and Constructivism, among others.
theory of interpretation
The theory of interpretation that planning for the school needs a systematic plan which predetermined goals or standards that the NCLB Act of 2001, as the rules and written procedures, the hierarchy of authority, the fair treatment of students, recruitment, and have characterized this promotion on the basis of teachers' credentials. The role of our schools is to give students the tools needed in the future could make money with technology and able to teach others what they need for the future that offers each student, faculty and staff. This student believes that the U.S. educational system is trying to establish an ideal system of education with the development application "Bush No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.
Under this law, all children of all racial populations, economic and all public schools in the nation should improve test scores in math and science tests standardized. According to King, Sears (2005), the phrase "highly qualified teacher" to "say those who have been properly certified and extremely effective in teaching students" (p. 187), but today, according with the guidelines of NCLB highly qualified teacher has a bachelor's degree, be fully certified teachers, and demonstrate their knowledge of the content to teach "(p. 187), taking the leading specialist in test content. Must be able to help children communicate their knowledge to their own experiences and provide opportunities for students to manipulate and use resources to maximize the growth of the university. Art education is a tool used by teachers in each content area to help students learned to communicate the content of their own personal experiences.
Change Theories
According to Shapiro (2005), a theory of change refers to "the causal processes by which change occurs as a result of the action agenda and strategies." These theories explore the reasoning that led the leaders of the program to their conclusions about how changes occur. theories of change that requires "mapping backwards" or identify the results of a program. According to Shapiro (2005), theories Change is both explicit and implicit, and most include:
- Problems specific framework to address
- Within its objective of intervention
- Identify the processes by which change occurs
- Describe the strategies, managers and specific methods of intervention
- Draw the short and long term is expected
Trait theory
The trait theory that people are born with a set of inherited characteristics that gives a person the combination features enough to adapt to life, these features can also be measured by the individual's ability to carry out a series of tasks or skills to be effective. This theory of origin in the nineteenth century, when Gregor Mendel discovered that genes and heredity played an important role in the nature and character that organization had. Over the years, researchers try to discover the desired characteristics for a particular task. In our case, many researchers focused to identify traits or skills to succeed in the art.
In 1950, Myers and Briggs, a mother and daughter team, created a survey that would test identify sixteen characteristics are believed to be inherited by simply answering a series of questions which are http://cbae.nmsu.edu/ ~ Dboje/teaching/490_ps1/step_1.htm. In 1974, Stogdill wrote a manual that is able to identify a series of moves and abilities to make a good artist as creativity, diplomacy (this person may have contact with each other), business and persuasive, sensitive, conceptual qualified, competent, organized, and speaks fluently. Many other features have been added to this theory, the model and the organization is carried out. While other scholars such as Machiavelli, McGregor, McClelland, Katz, Yukl, Flanagan, Bennis, Boje and continue to explore and create models based on inherited traits. Although new scientific discoveries about the genes, characteristics, psychology, and domination chromosome create more questions about existing theories related. Some of the questions which the students are: 1) A characteristic artistic dominant or recessive. 2) If scientists are able to identify a gene of creativity? 3) A person with heterozygous genes to be able to acquire and develop the characteristics or skills they possess, whether their genes were homozygous? 4) Can we identify the artists with a simple test?
Theory multiple intelligences
Dr. Howard Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences in 1983, suggesting that the traditional notion intelligence, based on individual IQ tests is limited, proposes eight different intelligences based on a broader range broader human potential in children and adults. Gardner (1993) argues that we are very eloquent and logical people of our culture and we must give equal attention to people who show gifts in other intelligences, such as artists, architects, musicians, naturalists, designers, dancers, therapists, contractors and others who enrich our society. Our society, unfortunately, not empower the children with these gifts and labels like "learning", "ADD (attention deficit disorder," or call underperformance. Dr. Gardner (2000) suggests that teachers should "be able to present lessons in a variety of ways using music, learning activities technical cooperation, role play, multimedia, field trips, inner reflection, and more, "according to Armstrong (1994),
Good news is that the theory of multiple intelligences has attracted the attention of many educators around the country, and hundreds of schools currently with his philosophy rethink the way we educate children. The bad news is that there are thousands of schools is always there to teach the same old boring way, through discourse master, and leaves of drilling and textbooks. The challenge is to get this information to many more teachers, school administrators and others working with children, so that every child has the opportunity to learn in harmony with its unique spirit.
cognitive development theory
Based on his research Long life, Piaget believed that "students should not be treated as empty vessels to be filled by teachers, experts but rather active participants in constructing their own knowledge "(Nagarjuna, 2006). According to Murray (2007), Piaget concluded that "schools should focus on the collaboration of decision-making and problem solving, nurturing moral development by requiring students to develop common standards based on equity "(p. 2). While the explanations are correct today, according to the sensitivity of adults and research, but "The fact that children do not offer explanations for these things shows that they are actively working to understand the world around them" (Nagarjuna, 2006).
Jean Piaget saw intelligence as a process that helps the body adapt to their environment and proposed four major periods of cognitive development. The four developmental stages described in the theory of Piaget's sensorimotor stage are: (1), (2) pre-operational stage, (3) concrete operational stage, and (4) stage of formal operations. Each cognitive structure of Piaget's theory is defined by a series of strokes, and is vaguely age. These time periods are not rigid rules, approximate values just put measures in order of birth to 2 years, the definition of the sensorimotor stage, where children experience the world through movement and senses and learn object permanence. The preoperative phase begins from the age of 2-7 years and the child has the skill acquisition unit. In concrete operations stage begins 7-11 years and children start to think logically about concrete events that occur in the environment. In the operational phase formally begins after age 11 is when the child develops abstract reasoning of the world around them.
cognitive theory of Vygotsky
Vygotsky's theory is an attempt to explain consciousness as the end product of socialization in which insists that children's minds are formed by social and historical context in which they live and their interactions with adults, explaining why teachers will not be replaced by technology, regardless of our progress. His theories of social development are essential in the development of cognition. Vygotsky (1978) states:
Each function child's cultural development appears twice: first, socially, and later at the individual level, first between people (interpsychological) and then into Child (intrapsychic). This applies equally to voluntary attention, memory, logic and concept formation. All higher functions originate that the actual relationships between individuals (p. 57).
Vygostsky theory of art has developed a dynamic approach to all (1) writer's intentions, the time and context, (2) the form, content and literary symbolism, and (3) readers experience and interpretation of the work (Lindqvist, 2003). Vygostsky not the art as something spiritual and metaphysical This raises the genius of the artists on the form and content of the work being created. Instead, he saw art as a reflection of society affects how people's lives and how society developed. Art is an excellent tool to study not only society, but the emotions and psychology. According to Lindqvist (2003), "considered Vygostsky the psychology of art as a theory of the social techniques of emotion. His analysis reflects the artistic process. "
Taoism
The Tao is a universal principle that covers everything from the creation of galaxies in how humans interact themselves and the world, showing the necessary path to follow. The Tao is composed of 81 verses that are broad and go beyond human logic. This collection of 81 poems Short has survived for more than twenty-five centuries and its contents still teaches us a lot. The author Tao of Lao Tzu was a real librarian who was asked by Emperor to write all his skills before leaving the kingdom to ask China (Windridge, 1999, p. 60). According to Manson, Taoism should not be described as a religion or a philosophy from the first step in understanding the Tao is not guided by the labels. The Tao is the beginning of all knowledge that is external and internal, eternal and common, and appears for ever. The Tao is an endless cycle and the final which starts and ends at the same time. To understand the Tao, in the fullness that you need 200 to 100 deaths each year and you would able to reach the beginning of a piece, which is the spiral that reached all the objectives of spirit, mind, psychology and changes in human thought. This can be seen in the translation of Lao-Tzu Wu: Tao ching verse 7:
Heaven lasts long, and respects the Earth. What is the secret of his longevity? This not because they do not live for themselves. Can live so long? Therefore, the Sage wants to stay behind, but is at the head of others, considered to be off alone
But it is safe. Not because it is disinterested as his car is done? (P.15)
On the site http://www.thetao.info/tao/taoleader.htm shows how many verses of the Tao have been implemented by the leadership, life and education in verse 17 as "The Rule is the highest rate of people whose lives are barely conscious. Then comes the love and praise. Then comes the fear. Then comes the contempt and challenge "(Wu, 2005, p. 35). However, a book written so long ago gives us an idea of how leaders in the changing world of the 21st century.
As Astin and Astin (2000), the Tao has no beginning or end, but evolves over time, which determines expression due to age, social group, or a particular task. Taoism learning is always directed towards a noble goal vision a goal, task, a problem that is awaiting a proposal for solution oriented civilization, a group or society to achieve peace, unity and common purpose among all its members perfect enough to be used in a classroom, art classes, and life.
Elaboration Theory
The Elaboration Theory is an extension of work already done by the organizers Ausubel and Bruner advance the curriculum spiral. According to Reigeluth (1992), the theory of development states that education should be organized in ascending order of complexity for learning optimal. Education should be simple lesson is presented and then remains more difficult until all tasks are taught and the objectives are to respond. Reigeluth (1992) suggests that the beginning of a lesson summary of the previous class and the class ends with a summary of the day's lesson. Elaboration Theory proposes seven components Main strategy: (1) a sequence of development, (2) sequences of prior learning, (3) short, (4) Synthetic, (5) analogies, (6) cognitive strategies, and learner control (7). Development theory is applied to the design of education for the cognitive domain.
Application to Education Artistic
A teacher is someone who takes your hand, open your mind and touches your heart.
Anonymous
Each theory helps educators develop a well-developed lesson includes a variety of formats and styles of learning. Can include all students in the classroom while the instructor a variety of tools to improve arts education programs in our school systems.
Those who educate children and are more honored than parents, for these only gave life, that art of living well.
Aristotle
Educators today need to have tools, skills and the ability to reach students in schools. Multiple intelligences theory and educational theory on helping students to classify classrooms. Cognitive theory, theory of interpretation, and theories of development to help students map educator learning process from simple to more complex, not only in quality but in life in general. According to Martin Luther King Jr. (1948), "The role of education is to teach people to think hard and think critically. But education which stops with efficiency may prove the greatest threat to society. The most dangerous criminal may be the man of reason, but moral. "In other words, education is the transmission of knowledge already acquired directly from someone who knows someone who is When ignorant. However, Zuk and Dalton (1999), "The primary purpose of education is not preparing children for work or to make our nation economically competitive in international markets. Public education is an important element of a functioning democracy and offers far more than we do in terms of dollars and cents or economic return on our investment. "However, according to Holcomb (2007)," As a growing consensus policy makers, educators and parents agree that the arts are an integral part of learning, some neighborhoods saw a change of policy state and local. In California, educational and arts organizations have worked to get a windfall arts budget, in theory, ensure that education art in all public schools in the state. The money – $ 105 million of existing funds, and sometimes $ 500 million for post class materials – are a legacy of success of demand, the California Teachers Association on the financing of education. "
Art education has many benefits for students and the world we live in, so let's use our knowledge of the theories we have to improve students' knowledge of the world. Of According to the Indo-European root meaning of art has been a deliberate process of arrangement. Art can describe several things: a study of the creative experience, a process of using creative skill, a product of creative ability, or the audience's experience with the creative experience. Art is something that stimulates the visual thinking of an individual, emotions, beliefs or ideas. Art is an expression of an idea made – can take many forms and serve many different purposes.
Education is admirable, but it is to remember from time to time that nothing worth knowing can be taught.
Oscar Wilder
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About the Author
Maritza M. Conde
Science High School Teacher and Data Specialist
Education:
BS in General Biology 1999
Advance Certificate in K-12 Bilingual Education 2001
M.A. in Curriculum and Technology 2005
EDD in Organizational Leadership 2010
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